广西栗木花岗岩岩浆气—液分异作用与成矿作用

广西栗木花岗岩是华南地区具有代表性的含锡、钨、钽、铌矿的稀有金属花岗岩,发育一些紧密共生但结构有明显差异的岩石。在岩相学研究的基础上,运用热动力学原理对这些特殊地质现象进行成因分析以了解相应的岩浆演化过程,得出的结论构成了岩浆演化的动态证据链并相互印证,且与热动力学方程检验结论相吻合。研究结果表明,气—液分异是稀有金属花岗岩最重要的成岩与成矿作用机制。当富水岩浆上升侵位时,岩浆发生大规模的气—液分异作用,形成新的熔体相和大量夹带气相的气泡。新的熔体相因饱和水压尸(H_2O)的突然降低而过冷却结晶形成斑状结构岩石,气泡则上升迁移至不同部位,随后破裂再次发生气—液分异形成残余气流体和残余熔体相。残余气流体进一步交代先结晶的斑状结构岩石形成蚀变带花岗岩,或者结晶形成伟晶岩。残余气流体还是金属成矿元素迁移的主要载体,岩体内带的蚀变花岗岩型锡铌钽矿的成矿作用主要与残余气流体对花岗岩的自交代作用有关,而岩体顶上带的岩脉型钨锡矿的成矿作用主要与残余气流体在围岩裂隙中的结晶作用有关。     

随机森林算法在全球干旱评估中的应用

干旱是发生频率最高,造成社会、经济损失和生态破坏最严重、最广泛的自然灾害之一,因此对干旱进行可靠、有效的评估十分重要.本文以月平均降水、月平均温度、月最高温度、月最低温度、土壤湿度、蒸散发、NDVI、叶绿素荧光等作为解释变量,以基于SPI的干旱等级作为目标变量,采用随机森林算法,以2007-2012年的数据作为训练数据...     

MAROS: a decision support system for optimizing monitoring plans

The Monitoring and Remediation Optimization System (MAROS), a decision-support software, was developed to assist in formulating cost-effective ground water long-term monitoring plans. MAROS optimizes an existing ground water monitoring program using both temporal and spatial data analyses to determine the general monitoring system category and the locations and frequency of sampling for future compliance monitoring at the site. The objective of the MAROS optimization is to minimize monitoring locations in the sampling network and reduce sampling frequency without significant loss of information, ensuring adequate future characterization of the contaminant plume. The interpretive trend analysis approach recommends the general monitoring system category for a site based on plume stability and site-specific hydrogeologic information. Plume stability is characterized using primary lines of evidence (i.e., Mann-Kendall analysis and linear regression analysis) based on concentration trends, and secondary lines of evidence based on modeling results and empirical data. The sampling optimization approach, consisting of a two-dimensional spatial sampling reduction method (Delaunay method) and a temporal sampling analysis method (Modified CES method), provides detailed sampling location and frequency results. The Delaunay method is designed to identify and eliminate redundant sampling locations without causing significant information loss in characterizing the plume. The Modified CES method determines the optimal sampling frequency for a sampling location based on the direction, magnitude, and uncertainty in its concentration trend. MAROS addresses a variety of ground water contaminants (fuels, solvents, and metals), allows import of various data formats, and is designed for continual modification of long-term monitoring plans as the plume or site conditions change over time.     

温度对武夷山不同海拔土壤有机碳矿化的影响

采用碱吸收法测定武夷山不同海拔土壤分别在15℃、25℃、35℃下培养35d时土壤有机碳矿化速率及矿化量的变化．结果表明,土壤有机碳矿化速率随培养时间延长而逐渐降低,尤以培养3d～7d时下降最为明显．各海拔土壤累积矿化量均随培养温度升高而逐渐增加．培养35d时15℃和35℃下土壤累积矿化量随海拔升高而增加,但25℃下黄红壤的累积矿化量高于红壤和黄壤而低于山地草甸土．各培养温度下,土壤有机碳平均矿化速率均以山地草甸土最高,红壤最低．而对于各海拔土壤,不同温度下土壤有机碳平均矿化速率大小顺序为：15℃〈25℃〈35℃．培养3d时温度为15℃／25℃黄壤的Q10值显著高于其他海拔土壤（P〈0．05）,但培养35d时15℃／25℃下的土壤Q10值以黄红壤的最高．培养3d和35d时,25℃／35℃下不同海拔土壤Q10值差异均不显著（P〉0．05）．根据土壤平均矿化速率计算的Q10值在温度范围为15℃／25℃时以黄壤的最高,但25℃／35℃时红壤的Q10值最大．     

Levels and distribution of tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate and hexabromocyclododecanes in surface sediments from the Yellow River Delta wetland of China

The levels and distribution of tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) of surface sediments in the Yellow River Delta wetland had been investigated. The concentrations of TBC and ∑ HBCDs ranged from 0.20 to 29.03 ng·g^? 1 dw and below limits of detections (LODs) to 20.25 ng·g^? 1 dw. The average composition profile of three HBCDs isomers were 10.1%, 6.1% and 83.8% for α-, β- and γ-HBCD, respectively. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated there are similar sources among three isomers and positive correlations between total organic carbon (TOC) content and concentrations of TBC and HBCDs. The mass inventory of TBC,α-, β-, γ-HBCD, ΣHBCDs in surface sediments of Yellow River Delta wetland were estimated about 725.50, 72.76, 44.29, 548.34, 665.39 kg. Therefore, further investigations on potential human health and environmental risk assessments of TBC and HBCDs were needed.     

中国土地利用空间格局刻画方法研究

土地利用空间格局研究是土地利用/覆盖变化（LUCC）理论和实践的基础,对土地利用空间格局进行有效刻画有利于国土资源空间优化,提升土地利用规划和管理水平。由于土地利用空间格局的研究范畴尚不明晰,目前土地利用空间格局的研究对形状、斑块分布和结构等方面关注较少,缺乏对不同土地利用类型间相互关系的研究;同时,格局指标繁多且存在较大的相关性,如何建立指标与土地利用空间格局的对应关系值得进一步研究。本文在深刻理解土地利用空间格局内涵的基础上,将面积、形状和斑块分布总结为土地利用几何特征,将结构和多样性总结为土地利用类型特征,建立了土地利用空间格局刻画指标体系,利用模糊C均值聚类分析,明确了指标与空间格局间的对应关系。结果表明,中国土地利用几何特征可以划分为简单大斑块型、复杂大斑块型、复杂小斑块型、简单小斑块型和散布型五种,不同的几何特征反映了不同土地利用类型的面积、形状和斑块分布的特点,体现了区域土地利用类型的组合关系。2010年中国土地利用共存在61种不同的结构,但主要的结构类型仅有14种,结构特征具有明显的空间聚集性,体现了不同土地利用类型的空间分异性。中国土地利用多样性以3~5类为主,占比达66.69%,其特征总体上呈现“东北、东南高,西北低”的态势。该研究丰富了土地利用空间格局研究的理论体系,填补了中国土地利用整体空间格局刻画的空白。     

普光气藏长兴-飞仙关组碳酸盐岩C、O同位素、微量元素分析及古环境意义

以普光气藏普光2、6井为研究对象,取其长兴—飞仙关组116个白云岩样品,分析C、O同位素及微量元素特征,判断古海水盐度,并与沉积特征相结合,研究其沉积环境。分析得d13C与盐度Z呈正相关关系。普光2井飞仙关组一段、二段—飞仙关组三段,盐度及d13C、Sr、P、Ti、Mn值呈逐渐增大的趋势,沉积相经边缘浅滩—潮坪的演化进程。飞仙关组一段、二段时期,其d13C及Sr、P、Ti、Mn值较低、d13C波动小,反映海平面变化不大,且遭到淡水的冲淋,导致盐度降低;飞仙关组三段时期,处于潮坪环境, 气候干燥炎热,淡水不断地被大量蒸发,其结果导致盐度增大,d13C及Sr、P、Ti、Mn值增高,在此期间海平面变化较明显,造成d13C波动较大。碳同位素值在长兴组末期发生突降,其原因可能是在二叠纪末, 大量狭盐生物死亡而造成的。     

试论科研管理工作者创新素质的培养

<正> 知识经济的形成与发展,是以创新为基本动力。江泽民同志指出“创新是一个民族进步的灵魂,是国家兴旺发达的不竭动力,一个没有创新能力的民族,难以屹立于世界先进民族之林。”根据对象不同创新可划分为技术创新和非技术创新,后者包括管理创新、组织     

Models of rapidly rotating neutron stars: remnants of accretion-induced collapse

Equilibrium models of differentially rotating nascent neutron stars are constructed, which represent the result of the accretion-induced collapse of rapidly rotating white dwarfs. The models are built in a two-step procedure: (1) a rapidly rotating pre-collapse white dwarf model is constructed; (2) a stationary axisymmetric neutron star having the same total mass and angular momentum distribution as the white dwarf is constructed. The resulting collapsed objects consist of a high-density central core of size roughly 20 km, surrounded by a massive accretion torus extending over 1000 km from the rotation axis. The ratio of the rotational kinetic energy to the gravitational potential energy of these neutron stars ranges from 0.13 to 0.26, suggesting that some of these objects may have a non-axisymmetric dynamical instability that could emit a significant amount of gravitational radiation.     

基于现代技术条件下《测量学》课程改革的新探索

探索现代测绘科学技术和现代CAI教学技术两个条件支撑下,阐述在测量学课程体系内容以及教学手段方法改革的新思路。