我国城市化进程中的城市空间演化研究

分析我国城市化进程中城市空间演化的问题。提出协调我国城市化进程与城市空间演化过程的对策建议 :协调重点是盘活现有城市用地 ;协调核心是控制城市用地的外延扩张 ;协调关键是优化城市用地结构 ;协调保障是强化城市土地利用规划和城市规划的宏观指导作用     

北半球陆地生态系统碳交换通量的空间格局及其区域特征

陆地生态系统通过植被的光合作用吸收大气中的CO2,深入了解陆地生态系统碳吸收强度的空间变异及其区域特征对于准确地预测和评估全球碳收支以及制定高效的区域性生态系统管理政策具有重要的指导性意义。本文以China FLUX的长期联网观测数据为基础,整合了北半球区域已发表的涡度相关文献数据,对北半球区域碳交换通量,即总初级生产力（GPP）、生态系统呼吸（RE）和净生态系统生产力（NEP）的空间格局及其区域特征进行综合分析。我们获取了233个通量站点,732条站点年数据。观测站点分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美洲,纵跨纬度2.97°N到74.47°N,横跨经度148.88°W到161.34°E。气候类型涵盖了热带、亚热带、温带、北方林、极地与亚极地以及高山气候类型。生态系统类型包涵了森林（107个站点）、草地（65个站点）、农田（33个站点）和湿地（28个站点）四大生态系统。研究结果得出：北半球陆地生态系统GPP和RE呈现出显著的随着纬度升高而线性降低的趋势,纬度每升高1°N,GPP和RE在空间格局上约减少22.9gC/m2/a,而NEP的纬向变化规律不明显。森林和农田生态系统的GPP和NEP显著高于草地和湿地生态系统。RE则在森林生态系统最高,平均约为1185±641gC/m2/a,而在其余生态系统间无显著差异。在亚洲、欧洲和北美洲3个区域之间,森林、农田和湿地生态系统的GPP,RE和NEP均无显著差异。仅在草地生态系统中,欧洲草地生态系统的GPP和RE分别为1472±473gC/m2/a和1236±452gC/m2/a,显著高于亚洲和北美洲。GPP,RE和NEP呈现出从温暖性气候区向寒冷性气候区逐渐降低的趋势,同时受到水分状况的调节,表现出在相同的温度带里,相对湿润的气候区具有更高的NEP。这些结果表明北半球陆地生态系统碳交换通量存在着空间变异性,但没有显著的区域差异,然而在不同气候区和生态系统类型间差异显著,这意味着北半球陆地生态系统碳交换通量主要受到温度和水分环境条件以及人类活动的共同影响。     

Convergent flow of ice within the Astrolabe subglacial basin, Trre Adélie, East Antarctica: an hypothesis derived from nummerical modelling experiments

The existence of a large subglacial lake beneath the antarctic Ice Sheet at Terre Adélie indicates the presence of basal ice at its pressure-melting temperature. A numerical model of the ice-sheet thermal regime is employed using the balance velocity of the ice sheet as an initial model input in order to calculate ice-sheet basal temperatures. However, the results from this model show the Terre Adélie area to be characterised by basal freezing. Heat in addition to that accounted for in the model is thus required at the ice-sheet base in order for pressure melting temperatures to be attained. The sources for such heat are (1) an enhanced geothermal heat flux and (2) an increase in frictional heating caused by the flow of ice. In this paper the latter possibility is expanded by hypothesising that subglacial topography induces convergent ice flow around Terre Adélie, causing enhanced basal ice velocities. Model experiments indicate that an increase in ice velocity (from 7 to at least 42 m yr⁻¹) is required to raise the temperature of the basal ice to the pressure melting value. Increased ice velocity, and consequent frictional heat production due to convergent ice flow, may therefore be important in explaining the location of the subglacial lake in this region. These results allow the process of convergent ice flow within a contemporary ice sheet to be quantified. A verification (or otherwise) of the model results may be possible if ice surface velocity measurements from modem GPS methods are made.     

等离子体发射光谱法测定大气颗粒物中的无机元素

建立了用等离子体发射光谱（ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ）测定大气颗粒物中无机元素的分析方法,包括样品消解体系的选择,仪器的操作条件及采样滤膜的选择,产对自行采样分析测得的无机元素数据作了初步的讨论。实验结果表明：采用ＨＮＯ３－ＨＣｌＯ４消解体系,操作方便,样品消解较完全;选用石英滤膜查减低空白值,保证测定质量以及同时在一张滤膜上测定大气颗粒物中的有机碳、元素碳及无机元素;内标法可有效降低由于仪器漂移等因素对测定     

Patterns of Nd and Sr isotopic ratios produced by magmatic and post-magmatic processes in the Shiant Isles Main Sill, Scotland

The Shiant Isles Main Sill of the British Tertiary Igneous Province is a classic example of a differentiated, alkaline basic sill. Four separate intrusions, each emplaced internally in rapid succession, form a 165-m-thick sill hosted by Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks. Extensive Nd and Sr isotopic studies were conducted on samples from a vertical section through the sill where the relationships of samples to one another are well defined. The results illuminate patterns of modification of isotopic ratios and clarify the petrogenesis (magma sources, crustal contamination), magmatic processes (bulk mixing, interstitial liquid mixing), and post-magmatic alteration (hydrothermal effects on Sr and Nd). Overall, the whole-rock initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios range from ∼0.7037 to 0.7061 while initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios vary from ∼0.51243 to 0.51286 (ɛ_Nd∼−0.7 to +5.7) – values that contrast markedly with those of the country rock. Acid leaching (HCl) of the whole-rock samples that removes analcime indicates that most of the scatter in the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr is caused by the ubiquitous sub-solidus, aqueous alteration during which more-radiogenic Sr was introduced into the sill, especially along the margins, and also reveals magmatic isotopic ratios. In contrast, Nd was immobile during fluid interaction so that the sill ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios were not affected, even <1 m from the country-rock contact. Using leached rock values, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios are inversely correlated from magmatic processes. Magmas with two distinct isotopic compositions were involved: a more primitive one with ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ∼0.51285 and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ∼0.7035 that produced the first two intrusions and a more evolved one (with 0.51252 and 0.7048) that produced the third intrusion. Mixing of the two magmas was very limited, restricted to near contacts between units, and apparently occurred by interstitial melt migration. The more evolved crinanitic magma was probably produced from a batch of the more primitive picritic melt by a small degree of crustal contamination and crystal fractionation during a short crustal residence prior to ascent and emplacement. Received: 20 December 1999 / Accepted: 5 May 2000     

Textural-structural,mineralogical, isotopic,and age characteristics of Jurassic terrigenous rocks of the northwestern Caucasus (the Belaya River section)

Results of the comprehensive study of structural, lithological, mineralogical, and isotopic characteristics of Lower Jurassic rocks exposed in the Belaya River valley (Adygeya) in meganticlinorium of the Greater Caucasus are presented. Deformation microstructures were studied. Lithological and textural-structural changes in sequences related to intense secondary transformations should affect the state of isotopic systems of rocks. To reveal basic trends in the evolution of isotopic systems, investigation using the K-Ar method was carried out. Clay fraction (less than 1 μm) separated from rocks and bulk samples were analyzed. Cleavage development, approximate value of rock contraction, and isotopic characteristics are compared with the available data on alteration of clay mineral assemblages. Relationship between the degree of rock deformation at the microlevel and calculated K-Ar ages has been established. K-Ar systems of clayey rocks indicate the age of cleavage formation and correspond to the Bajocian-Bathonian contraction period.     

The Solar Flare of November 4, 2001, and Its Manifestations in Energetic Particles from Coronas-F Data

Based on X-ray, gamma-ray, and charged-particle measurements with several instruments onboard the Coronas-F satellite and on ACE and GOES experimental data presented on the Internet, we investigate the parameters of the solar flare of November 4, 2001, and the energetic-particle fluxes produced by it in circumterrestrial space. The increase in relativistic-electron fluxes for about 1.5 days points to a moving source (shock front). The structure of the energetic-particles fluxes in the second half of November 5, 2001, can be explained by the passage of the coronal mass ejection that was ejected on November 1, 2001, and that interacted with the shock wave from the flare of November 4, 2001.     

桥梁隔震体系振动台试验研究(IV)——隔震桥梁的设计方法探讨

在前文模型试验的基础上 ,本文总结归纳了隔震桥梁的设计方法与设计流程 ,着重论述探讨了隔震桥梁的概念设计与细部构造设计应注意的问题     

Community‐Derived Standards for LA‐ICP‐MS U‐(Th‐)Pb Geochronology – Uncertainty Propagation,Age Interpretation and Data Reporting

The LA‐ICP‐MS U‐(Th‐)Pb geochronology international community has defined new standards for the determination of U‐(Th‐)Pb ages. A new workflow defines the appropriate propagation of uncertainties for these data, identifying random and systematic components. Only data with uncertainties relating to random error should be used in weighted mean calculations of population ages; uncertainty components for systematic errors are propagated after this stage, preventing their erroneous reduction. Following this improved uncertainty propagation protocol, data can be compared at different uncertainty levels to better resolve age differences. New reference values for commonly used zircon, monazite and titanite reference materials are defined (based on ID‐TIMS) after removing corrections for common lead and the effects of excess ²³⁰Th. These values more accurately reflect the material sampled during the determination of calibration factors by LA‐ICP‐MS analysis. Recommendations are made to graphically represent data only with uncertainty ellipses at 2s and to submit or cite validation data with sample data when submitting data for publication. New data‐reporting standards are defined to help improve the peer‐review process. With these improvements, LA‐ICP‐MS U‐(Th‐)Pb data can be considered more robust, accurate, better documented and quantified, directly contributing to their improved scientific interpretation.