Numerical prediction of hydrodynamic forces on a ship passing through a lock

While passing through a lock, a ship usually undergoes a steady forward motion at low speed. Owing to the size restriction of lock chamber, the shallow water and bank effects on the hydrodynamic forces acting on the ship may be remarkable, which may have an adverse effect on navigation safety. However, the complicated hydrodynamics is not yet fully understood. This paper focuses on the hydrodynamic forces acting on a ship passing through a lock. The unsteady viscous flow and hydrodynamic forces are calculated by applying an unsteady RANS code with a RNG k-ε turbulence model. User-defined function(UDF) is compiled to define the ship motion. Meanwhile, the grid regeneration is dealt with by using the dynamic mesh method and sliding interface technique. Numerical study is carried out for a bulk carrier ship passing through the Pierre Vandamme Lock in Zeebrugge at the model scale. The proposed method is validated by comparing the numerical results with the data of captive model tests. By analyzing the numerical results obtained at different speeds, water depths and eccentricities, the influences of speed, water depth and eccentricity on the hydrodynamic forces are illustrated. The numerical method proposed in this paper can qualitatively predict the ship-lock hydrodynamic interaction. It can provide certain guidance on the manoeuvring and control of ships passing through a lock.     

Crustal and Upper-Mantle Seismic Reflectors beneath the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

Seismic studies of the crustal structure beneath the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) region in Central China have been limited by the sparse and uneven distribution of seismic stations.To in-crease the station coverage,we made three deployments of a mobile seismologic array in the TGR re-gion during the three summers from 2008 to 2010.Here we present interpretations along a west-east profile through the central TGR region based on new seismic waveform data and a velocity model con-strained by regional earthquak...     

Spatial distribution of wave overtopping water behind coastal structures

Spatial distribution of random wave overtopping water behind coastal structures was investigated using a numerical model based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solver (RANS) and Volume of Fluid (VOF) surface capturing scheme (RANS-VOF). The computed spatial distributions of wave overtopping water behind the structure agree well with the measurements by Pullen et al (2008) for a vertical wall and Lykke Andersen and Burcharth (2006) for a 1:2 sea dike. A semi-analytical model was derived to relate spatial distribution of wave overtopping water behind coastal structures to landward ground level, velocity and layer thickness on the crest. This semi-analytical model agrees reasonably well with both numerical model results and measurements close to coastal structures. Our numerical model results suggest that the proportion of wave overtopping water passing a landward location increases with a seaward slope when it is less than 1:3 and decreases with a seaward slope when it gets steeper. The proportion of wave overtopping water passing a landward location increases with landward ground level and overtopping discharge. It also increases with the product of incident wave height and wavelength, but decreases with increasing relative structure freeboard and crest width. We also found that the extent of hazard area due to wave overtopping is significantly reduced by using a permeable structure crown. Findings in this study will enable engineers to establish the extent of hazard zones due to wave overtopping behind coastal structures.     

Allelopathic interactions between Prorocentrum micans and Skeletonema costatum or Karenia mikimotoi in laboratory cultures

Algal allelopathy is an ecological/physiological phenomenon that has focused attention on the interactions among algae and the production of algal toxins. We investigated the allelopathic interactions between the dinoflagellate genus Prorocentrum micans and diatom genus Skeletonema costatum and between P. micans and dinoflagellate genus Karenia mikimotoi using bi-algal cultures. Because the effects were species-specific and size-dependent, we evaluated the effect of different initial densities. At low densities of P. micans and high densities of S. costatum inoculated into the same medium, the growth of P. micans was weakly restrained, whereas the growth of S. costatum was significantly suppressed. S. costatum and K. mikimotoi were strongly inhibited by P. micans, in both the bi-algal cultures and enriched filtrates. Direct cell-to-cell contact was not necessary to gain a competitive advantage, thus, our results suggest that P. micans inhibited the growth of S. costatum and K. mikimotoi by the release of allelochemical(s). Last, a mathematical model was used to simulate growth and interactions between P. micans and S. costatum and between P. micans and K. mikimotoi in bi-algal cultures.     

Impacts of AMSU-A inter-sensor calibration and diurnal correction on satellite-derived linear and nonlinear decadal climate trends of atmospheric temperature

Climate Dynamics - Satellite microwave temperature sounding data have been widely used in the study of climate trends over the past decades. When merging advanced microwave sounding unit-A (AMSU-A)...     

传统村落活态性定量评价研究

提出传统村落活态性概念,从物质遗产、非物质遗产和村落居民3个方面构建传统村落活态性评价指标体系。通过实地踏勘、文献查阅、问卷调查等方法获取数据,对湖南省大湘西地区3个不同类型的传统村落活态性进行定量评价。结果表明:①整体上失活问题较为普遍,东山村活态性最差,小市村次之,地笋苗寨活态性最好。②从系统层来看,物质遗产是影响村落活态性最为重要的贡献因子,从要素层来看,人口结构、历史建筑和格局肌理是影响传统村落活态性的主要贡献因子。③从系统层来看,非物质遗产是导致湘西地区传统村落失活的主要因素,从要素层来看,人口数量、传统技能技艺、自然生态环境是导致传统村落失活的主要因子。④总体来看,旅游型传统村落活态性好于城镇化型和传统型村落。但是,不同类型村落的活态性贡献因子和失活因子均存在一定差异。     

日本海南部48ka以来的环境磁学记录及其反映的千年尺度环境变化

本文系统分析了日本海郁陵海盆南部陆坡KCES钻孔48ka以来的古地磁、岩石磁学和沉积学性质。在已经报道的以 AMS 14C 测年、火山灰地层和特征深色层年龄模型上,以磁化率、非磁滞剩磁和饱和等温剩磁为归一参数的"地磁场强度"特征低值可以与北大西洋ODP 983钻孔对比,方向可以与日本海和太平洋其他钻孔进行对比,强度年龄与之前年龄一致且更详细。48ka以来末次冰期(36~15kaB.P.)的磁性矿物输入最多,颗粒最细,软磁组分最高,末次冰期其他时段和冰消期、冰后期的磁性矿物输入降低,颗粒变粗,高矫顽力磁组分增加。岩石磁学的系统变化揭示早期成岩作用在7kaB.P.以来程度稍强,48~7kaB.P.作用较弱,不足以影响岩石磁学参数的环境记录。由于样品的不连续,末次冰期岩石磁学与千年冷暖事件的对应不明显,而在冰消期(15~11kaB.P.)海面急剧上升、全球温度变化剧烈的时期,岩石磁学参数表现为非常均匀的粗颗粒快速堆积,但是磁性矿物含量减少,软磁性组分也减少。此时陆源输入中的稳定元素Ti的相应变化暗示物质源区的变化和/或强劲水动力条件的筛选作用。与此同时,底流强劲并且方向多变,沉积物中砂和粉砂含量剧增都说明海底处于动荡和充氧的条件,与末次盛冰期时的分层海洋明显不同。因此,KCES钻孔的岩石磁学变化记录了陆源物质输入、底流演变和沉积后变化,这些都可能与著名的千年事件具有成因关系。     

柴达木盆地北缘湖泊表层沉积物炭屑特征及其环境意义

沉积物中的炭屑在探讨火(灾)的基本特征及其与植被和人类活动关系方面具有重要意义。采用孢粉学提取方法,对柴达木盆地北缘的湖泊表层沉积物进行了微体炭屑的分析工作,用以探讨其空间分布及其与区域植被和现代人类活动之间的关系。结果表明:不同粒径的炭屑浓度均呈现出自西向东升高的趋势,与区域植被覆盖度自西向东增加的趋势一致。其中,小粒径的炭屑以近圆形占多数,表明区域性火事件中燃烧的木本植被占主导地位;粒径较大的长条形炭屑在盆地东部区域占优势,表明地方性火事件向东增加,草本植物燃烧逐渐增多,与自西向东草本植物的增多相吻合,且燃烧由区域向近源转换。此外,该地区人口数量也有自西向东增加的趋势,推测人类生产生活用火对炭屑浓度有很大的贡献量,与大颗粒炭屑浓度向东升高有较好的对应关系。表层沉积物炭屑的空间变化特征不仅很好地反映了相应地区的火的信息,还对区域植被和人类活动等要素具有较好的指示意义。