In situ triaxial creep test for investigating deformational properties of gravelly sliding zone soil: example of the Huangtupo 1# landslide,China

In recent years, numerous landslide catastrophes have occurred, generating considerable financial losses and other tolls. The deformational and mechanical properties of sliding zone soil would be in primary significance to landslide research, as the sliding zone basically controls the initiation and mobility of the landslide. An in situ triaxial test was carried out on a sample from the sliding zone of the Huangtupo 1# landslide, a subdivision of the Huangtupo landslide in the Three Gorges area of China. The test results indicate that (a) the sliding zone exhibits low compressibility due to the high rock content (54.3%) and long-time consolidation by the overlying soil mass; (b) only decaying creep occurs without abrupt failure, and a constitutive equation with both linear and nonlinear viscoplastic terms is deduced to accurately fit the test data; (c) the surface with an orientation of 35° presents anisotropic traits in terms of displacement, possibly due to cracks that formed at similar orientations within the sample cube; and (d) the creep behavior of the landslide may be closely related to the properties of the sliding zone soil. When a similar stress magnitude to that of the in situ stress environment is applied to the sample, the sliding zone soil behavior matches the landslide deformative behavior. The test results indicate that the Huangtupo 1# landslide will continue to creep, as interpreted from the deformation traits and structural properties of the sample. However, unavoidable limitations of the test and extreme external factors, namely unexpected rainfall and water fluctuation, cannot be ignored.     

新疆库车河地区三叠－侏罗系干酪根显微组分与古环境及古气候

根据库车河剖面三叠－侏罗系干酪根显微组分的分布特点，将干酪根显微组分划分为５种组合和12种亚组合，结合沉积特征等资料推测每一种亚组合所对应的沉积环境。根据孢粉化石母体植物的生态习性推测三叠－侏罗系沉积时期古气候的变化规律是：由半干旱（俄霍布拉克组）→半潮湿（克拉玛依组下段）→潮湿（克拉玛依组上段－克孜勒努尔组下段）→半干旱、半潮湿（克孜勒努尔组上段－恰克马克组）→半干旱（齐古组、喀拉扎组）；由热带、亚热带型气候（俄霍布拉克组－塔里奇克组）→亚热带－暖温带型气候（阿合组－克孜勒努尔组）→亚热带型气候（恰克马克组－喀拉扎组）。根据干酪根显微组分、沉积特征等资料推测俄霍布拉克组、克拉玛依组上部标志层段、黄山街组二－四段中、下部、阳霞组上部标志层段和恰克马克组为该区三叠－侏罗纪五个主要的湖泊（滨浅湖、半深湖－深湖）发育期；齐古组为洪泛湖泊发育期；塔里奇克组、阳霞组下段和克孜勒努尔组为三个主要的沼泽（以河沼为主，如岸后沼泽、分流间沼泽等）发育期。     

川东北长兴组—飞仙关组古原油成藏的孔隙度门限

近年来,在四川盆地二叠系、三叠系海相碳酸盐岩层系中发现了如普光、龙岗、元坝等多个大中型、高孔高渗气田,且天然气主要为古油藏原油裂解气.在油源充足的条件下,孔隙度成为了控制古原油成藏的关键因素,讨论古原油充注的孔隙度门限,尤其对于致密碳酸盐岩储层是否发生古原油的聚集具有指导意义.川东北地区长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩相储层发现了大量的固体沥青,岩石薄片镜下观察到这些固体沥青主要分布于亮晶鲕粒灰岩的粒间孔隙中、结晶白云岩的晶间孔中以及残余鲕粒白云岩的铸模孔中,极少发现沥青充填之后的胶结物.本研究定量统计了沥青含量与现今面孔隙度来恢复视古孔隙度,分别讨论现今面孔隙度、视古孔隙度与沥青含量的关系,确定了视古孔隙度门限,最后经过压实作用校正得到了古原油成藏的孔隙度门限.研究结果揭示,沥青含量与现今面孔隙度无线性关系.而与视古孔隙度有着较明显的正相关关系,当视古孔隙度大于一定值时,沥青含量显著增加;川东北长兴组-飞仙关组碳酸盐岩储层古原油成藏的孔隙度门限值为6.4％～7.4％(平均6.8％).     

吉林南部通化地区集安群的年代学

对辽吉裂谷带吉林段集安群火山岩和碎屑沉积岩以及裂谷带内的花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb的年代学研究.测年结果显示, 集安群火山岩形成于2156~2189Ma, 并于1870~1 881Ma接受区域变质作用改造.伴随集安群的火山-沉积和变质作用, 有2期花岗岩侵入: 一期形成于裂陷期的2156~2189Ma; 另一期形成于造山期的1870~1881Ma.同时, 碎屑锆石和捕获锆石获得了2471~2494Ma和2633~2653Ma的岩浆成因锆石年龄, 代表结晶基底的2次岩浆事件.集安群的物质来源于太古宙基底和裂陷期的岩浆事件产物.      

Rapid environmental assessment in the South China Sea: Improved inversion of sound speed profile using remote sensing data

Complex perturbations in the profile and the sparsity of samples often limit the validity of rapid environmental assessment (REA) in the South China Sea (SCS). In this paper, the remote sensing data were used to estimate sound speed profile (SSP) with the self-organizing map (SOM) method in the SCS. First, the consistency of the empirical orthogonal functions was examined by using k-means clustering. The clustering results indicated that SSPs in the SCS have a similar perturbation nature, which means the inverted grid could be expanded to the entire SCS to deal with the problem of sparsity of the samples without statistical improbability. Second, a machine learning method was proposed that took advantage of the topological structure of SOM to significantly improve their accuracy. Validation revealed promising results, with a mean reconstruction error of 1.26 m/s, which is 1.16 m/s smaller than the traditional single empirical orthogonal function regression (sEOF-r) method. By violating the constraints of linear inversion, the topological structure of the SOM method showed a smaller error and better robustness in the SSP estimation. The improvements to enhance the accuracy and robustness of REA in the SCS were offered. These results suggested a potential utilization of REA in the SCS based on satellite data and provided a new approach for SSP estimation derived from sea surface data.     

中国旅游业与金融业的耦合协调及其时空特征

在探讨旅游业与金融业融合发展机理的基础上,利用耦合协调度模型和空间自相关分析等方法,分析2011—2019年中国31个省域旅游业与金融业发展水平时空演变特征、耦合协调度时空分异特征与空间关联格局,并利用随机效应面板Tobit模型分析其影响因素。结果表明：1）中国旅游业与金融业发展水平总体保持上升趋势,但金融业发展水平始终高于旅游业;两者发展水平年均值呈“东部 > 中部 > 东北 > 西部”空间分布格局,年均增长率则呈“东慢西快”的空间特征。2）两大产业的耦合协调度在时间上整体呈上升态势,初步实现中度协调;在空间上呈“东部―中部―东北―西部”梯度递减格局。3）两大产业耦合协调度呈显著的正向空间自相关,且空间集聚强度呈波动增长的态势;“H-H”集聚类型分布在东中部,“L-L”集聚类型分布于西部和东北地区;各省域的空间集聚状态变化具有稳定性,表明各省域两大产业发展具有路径依赖特征。4）从影响因素看,经济发展水平、产业结构、区域创新能力和政府支持对旅游业与金融业耦合协调度有显著的正向影响,市场规模、交通发展水平和数字化程度则有显著的负向影响,地区开放程度则未通过显著性检验。     

Profoundly entwined ecosystem services,land-use change and human well-being into sustainability management in Yushu,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The nexus exploration among land use/land cover change, ecosystem services and human well-being has been increasingly crucial in the context of Future Earth....     

2014年6月21—22日江西省暴雨天气过程模拟及地形影响试验

采用WRF中尺度模式,对2014年6月21—22日发生在江西省的一次连续暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟,对模式输出的物理量进行了诊断分析,并开展了江西省东北部复杂地形的敏感性试验。结果表明:1)此次暴雨天气过程是建立在低空切变线和低空急流等系统基础上的一次降水。低空急流向暴雨区输送水汽和不稳定能量,低空切变线上中尺度系统活跃,造成强烈的上升运动,θse的垂直分布结构有利于中低层气旋的发展,不稳定能量的释放是暴雨发生和维持的机制之一。2)地形对这次暴雨的强度有很大影响。武夷山脉阻挡了切变线的南压。当武夷山脉存在时,山脉北侧在西南风环境中为迎风坡(以辐合为主),山脉以南在西南风环境中为背风坡(以辐散为主)。移除武夷山脉后,其北侧和东北侧辐合减弱,南侧辐散减弱。武夷山主峰附近(117.6°E)的经向环流也表明,山脉移除后,主峰北侧(浙赣铁路沿线附近)的上升运动减弱,最终致使该地区降水减弱。     

三网融合下气象影视的挑战与机遇

随着信息媒介的不断增多,依托于传统媒体的电视气象节目也在信息风暴中受到了巨大挑战。文章介绍了气象影视所面对的问题,以及新环境给气象节目带来的机遇,并对气象节目及气象频道提出建议。     

A complete reference of the analytical synchrotron external shock models of gamma-ray bursts

Gamma-ray bursts are most luminous explosions in the universe. Their ejecta are believed to move towards Earth with a relativistic speed. The interaction between this “relativistic jet” and a circumburst medium drives a pair of (forward and reverse) shocks. The electrons accelerated in these shocks radiate synchrotron emission to power the broad-band afterglow of GRBs. The external shock theory is an elegant theory, since it invokes a limit number of model parameters, and has well predicted spectral and temporal properties. On the other hand, depending on many factors (e.g. the energy content, ambient density profile, collimation of the ejecta, forward vs. reverse shock dynamics, and synchrotron spectral regimes), there is a wide variety of the models. These models have distinct predictions on the afterglow decaying indices, the spectral indices, and the relations between them (the so-called “closure relations”), which have been widely used to interpret the rich multi-wavelength afterglow observations. This review article provides a complete reference of all the analytical synchrotron external shock afterglow models by deriving the temporal and spectral indices of all the models in all spectral regimes, including some regimes that have not been published before. The review article is designated to serve as a useful tool for afterglow observers to quickly identify relevant models to interpret their data. The limitations of the analytical models are reviewed, with a list of situations summarized when numerical treatments are needed.