SSQ-1 Digital Tape Recording Horizontal Pendulum Tiltmeter

The SSQ-1 Digital Tape Recording Horizontal Pendulum Tiltmeter is an instrument of high sensitivity to detect the changes of ground tilt. It uses a quartz horizontal pendulum held by Z?llner bifilar suspension to sense vertical displacement, the eddy-current transducer on the pendulum converts its displacements into electric signals. Then a microcomputer is used for data acquisition and printing as well as digit tape recording. And at the same time, a filtering pen recorder is used for visible recording. The scale value of the instrument is calibrated by computer using the known tilt angle of the bulging plate — mercury cup. The scale value is 0.3–0.5 m(″)/mV. The following are the testing results for the earth tide observation obtained from the east-west component at Baijiatan Seismic Station, Beijing: r(O₁): 0.6490±0.0179 α(O₁): −3.83°±1.58° r(K₁): 0.8049±0.0128 α(K₁): 1.40°±0.90° r(M₂): 0.6699±0.0040 α(M₂): −0.27°±0.34° r(S₂): 0.7316±0.0075 α(S₂): 2.83°±0.58° r(M₃): 0.8497±0.0964 α(M₃): 1.61°±6.51° The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 353–359, 1993. In this work also participated Mr. Huai-Wen PAN and Wei-Jin ZHANG. And we here give special thanks to Yun-Zao XI, Qin-Wen XI, Bo-Xong TANG, Yi-Hui CHEN and An-Xu WU for their kind help in the development and test of the instrument. This paper is translated by Mr. Zhong ZHENG.     

Seismic hazard analysis for a spatial linearly distributed system

The models currently used in the seismic evaluation of important projects, microzoning and seismic zonation are all for site. Although seismic hazard analysis have been done for many sites in seismic zonation and microzoning, relationship among sites is not considered in the final results. Studies show that it is impossible to get total hazard for specific area from the results of the hazard analysis of sites. So, when we consider the total seismic hazard of a specific spatial distributed system, methods for site are not enough. Author discussed the relation and the difference between system hazard and segments hazard which form the system and proposed a seismic hazard analysis model taking spatial linear distributed series and parallel system as an example. In aseismic design and earthquake disaster prevention decision, not only the seismic hazard of segments of the system but also the total seismic hazard of the system should be considered. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 347–352, 1993.     

Study on terrestiral noise in data of geomagnetic total field in North China

The terrestrial noise in the differencial data of geomagnetic total field recorded at 21h in North China was fitted by using the geomagnetic vector data from Beijing Observatory. The terrestrial noise level and its spatial feature in this region was discussed. A method, which may be useful for justifying the quality of fitting, was provided in this paper. The analysis indicates that the terrestrial noise is one of the important noise in tectonomagnetic study. It is shown that the susceptibility effect is quite small and the orientation effect is the main component in the terrestrial noise in North China. The rough spatial feature of the magnetic anomaly in crustal substance was infered from the spatial feature of terrestrial noise. The measurement precision and the source noise level of data at 21h in this region were obtained in the analysis of residual noise. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 441–447, 1993.     

中国大陆及邻区大震的远距离相关现象

本文根据中国大陆及边邻M_S≥7.0地震活动的时空特点,讨论了大地震活动的远程关联现象,划分了6个相关地带。根据本文所划分的诸相关地带,可以对所研究地区大地震的活动形势作出大致的估计。     

新地震区划图的几个基本问题

我国新的地震区划图(1990年版)是采用地震危险性慨率分析方法编制的。该图给出的是场点地震烈度值,该值在50年内被突破的概率为0.1。人们普遍关注该图与我国曾经编制的地震区划图(1957年版,1977年版)的区别,该图超越概率概念的内含和外延以及超越概率水平为什么采用50年超越概率0.1。本文围绕这些问题进行了讨论。分析结果表明,前两张地震区划图编图的基本着眼点都是地震预测,而新的地震区划着眼于场点的地震动预测。新的地震区划图是按场点地震危险性分析方法给出的,它所表示的地震危险性只能针对具体的场点,不能完全反映区域的地震危险性特征。而弄清场点地震危险性和区域地震危险性的差异是正确进行区域防灾对策的基础。作者希望这些讨论能对正确使用新的地震区划图有所裨益。     

大同—阳高Ms5.8级地震前S波分裂异常变化

本文利用北京白家疃台数字地震记录资料探讨了1989年10月19日大同一阳高Ms5.8级地震S波分裂异常变化,所用方法为极化矢量转向法,即偏振分析法。初步结果表明,这次地震前(约从1988年9月开始)曾出现过S波分裂异常。震前快S波偏振优势取向为北东向,符合华北地区主压应力方向为北东向和北北东向的特征。由此得到,在北京与大同之间,地壳中直立平行排列裂隙取向亦为这一方向。本文结果说明,利用近震(200km左右)数字化记录可发现较大地震前S波分裂异常现象,增大了把S波分裂法应用于地震预报的可行性。最后,对比了近震与S波窗口内S波偏振的不同特征。     

不同晶形石盐沉积生长特征及对包裹体温度的影响

石盐晶体生长过程中捕获流体包裹体，利用冷冻测温法得到的均一温度信息与古水温存在良好的相关性。在部分地区，利用包裹体最大均一温度评价古气候时，温度数据与孢粉学反映的气候特征存在冲突，不同晶形的石盐沉积特征，及其晶体条纹内包裹体温度代表的地质含义需进一步探讨。笔者在分析经典测温数据的基础上，观察常温蒸发实验中漏斗晶和人字晶的形成及生长过程，分析了不同温度段均一温度与气温、水温之间的关系。结合现代气象记录数据，分析了最大均一温度评价气候时存在的局限性。研究认为：漏斗晶晶核形成与卤水表面，包裹体温度受温度和气压共同影响，漏斗晶在卤水底部绕核生长，漏斗晶外围包裹体温度对应水底温度，沉入水下后漏斗晶生长缓慢，包裹体最大温度可能代表年度最高温度，以此为指标评价气候得出的结论过于炎热；人字晶是多个漏斗晶之间的桥接部分，大部分形成于卤水蒸发将近结束之时，人字形条纹内包裹体温度受气温和地表温度共同影响，地表温度远大于气温是造成包裹体最高温度过高的主要原因。     

利用GPS观测结果研究华北地区现今构造应力场

根据１９９２年和１９９５年两期ＧＰＳ测量结果所获得的位移场和应变场,结合丰富的地质资料,利用有限元方法对华北地区现今构造应力场进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明：华北地区现今构造应力场主压应力方向为ＮＥＥ,其边界力除受ＮＥ５５°～ＳＷ２３５°方向的压应力作用外,同时还受到ＳＥ１２０°～ＮＷ３００°方向的拉张力作用,其中ＮＥ－ＳＷ的压应力量值较大,约为ＳＥ－ＮＷ向拉应力的两倍,这个结果与震源机制解所获得的应力场方向基本一致。这一应力场状态是两种动力学过程的叠加：一是印度板块和太平洋板块的挤压,其中来自印度板块的作用力最大,约为太平洋板块作用力的１．５倍;另一个是因地幔隆起而产生的ＮＷ－ＳＥ向的水平拉张力。     

用图形演绎C程序运行的研究

说明了用图形方式展现C程序运行情况的必要性和可行性;介绍了用图形演绎C程序运行的总设计思想;详细介绍了图形界面设计要求和程序模块的功能要求。     

An optimal parameters-based geographical detector model enhances geographic characteristics of explanatory variables for spatial heterogeneity analysis: cases with different types of spatial data

ABSTRACT

Spatial heterogeneity represents a general characteristic of the inequitable distributions of spatial issues. The spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis investigates the heterogeneity among various strata of explanatory variables by comparing the spatial variance within strata and that between strata. The geographical detector model is a widely used technique for spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis. In the model, the spatial data discretization and spatial scale effects are fundamental issues, but they are generally determined by experience and lack accurate quantitative assessment in previous studies. To address this issue, an optimal parameters-based geographical detector (OPGD) model is developed for more accurate spatial analysis. The optimal parameters are explored as the best combination of spatial data discretization method, break number of spatial strata, and spatial scale parameter. In the study, the OPGD model is applied in three example cases with different types of spatial data, including spatial raster data, spatial point or areal statistical data, and spatial line segment data, and an R “GD” package is developed for computation. Results show that the parameter optimization process can further extract geographical characteristics and information contained in spatial explanatory variables in the geographical detector model. The improved model can be flexibly applied in both global and regional spatial analysis for various types of spatial data. Thus, the OPGD model can improve the overall capacity of spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis. The OPGD model and its diverse solutions can contribute to more accurate, flexible, and efficient spatial heterogeneity analysis, such as spatial patterns investigation and spatial factor explorations.