广域电磁法在复杂电磁干扰环境的应用研究——以某市周边地热勘查为例

广域电磁法通过人工接地场源建立谐变电磁场,向地下发送不同频率的交变电流,观测一个或多个电磁场分量,以广域视电阻率探测不同埋深地质目标体。该方法以大功率、强信号的人工场压制干扰场来提高信噪比,从而获得有效观测数据。在高压线、铁路、厂房、矿区、变电站、城市周边等复杂人文噪声干扰环境下,干扰场信号幅值达到几百甚至几千微伏,其强度大于广域电磁人工场信号,难以达到压制效果。本文以某市周边地热资源大深度勘探为例,对复杂电磁干扰环境下广域电磁法的应用进行研究,取得了质量良好的观测数据,经反演解释清晰刻画了地层、构造的空间展布特征,提供了两处地热资源有利区。该例为复杂电磁干扰环境下广域电磁法应用提供了方向。     

三峡库区巫山新城超高加筋挡墙变形破坏及修复研究

结合三峡库区弃渣灾害的防治和回填增地,以巫山新城加筋土挡墙等实际工程为典型进行剖析,对加筋土挡墙,特别是超高加筋土挡墙变形破坏机制和过程进行了系统深入的研究。从加筋土挡墙填土物理力学性质室内试验研究入手,采用FLAC等数值计算方法,系统地研究了加筋土挡墙的应力状况和变形破坏特性。将离心模拟技术应用于超高多级加筋土挡墙(H=57m)的研究中,进行了三级加筋土挡墙的离心模型试验,对加筋土挡墙墙背土压力分布规律、挡墙面板和填土的沉降情况以及拉筋的拉力分布规律进行了详细而系统的研究。特别是精心设计出离心模型试验中三级挡墙的面板与拉筋的联结,较真实地反映了实际工程中加筋土挡墙整体复合结构的力学特性。根据研究结果,提出了巫山新城加筋土挡墙修复加固方案,编制了设计报告,并加以实施。目前,修复加固工程效果良好。　对库区,乃至全国超高加筋土挡墙的建设均有指导和示范作用。     

PI-RADS v2.1联合PSA相关指标预测PSA灰区前列腺癌的价值研究

目的：探讨建立前列腺影像报告及数据系统（PI-RADS v2.1）联合前列腺抗原（PSA）相关衍生物的Logistic模型对PSA灰区（4～10ng/mL）前列腺癌（PCa）的诊断价值。材料与方法：回顾性分析经病理证实的49例前列腺癌（PCa）和118例非癌患者的资料,包括年龄、tPSA、fPSA、PI-RADS v2.1评分、PSAD、fPSA/tPSA。对组间有统计学差异的指标进行Logistic回归分析,确定PCa独立预测指标,并分别联合PI-RADS v2.1评分建立Logistic回归预测模型。通过受试者工作特性曲线（ROC）评价各模型的诊断效能。结果：①年龄、tPSA、fPSA在PCa与非癌组间无统计学差异,fPSA/tPSA、PSAD、PI-RADS v2.1评分有统计学差异。②Logistic回归分析显示PI-RADS v2.1评分、PSAD、fPSA/tPSA为PCa独立预测因子;拟建立预测模型,A模型：Logit（P）=-10.82+2.32×PI-RADS v2.1+11.89×PSAD;B模型：Logit（P）=-6.13+2.19×PI-RADS v2.1-12.02×fPSA/tPSA。ROC曲线下面积分别为0.918和0.893,均高于单独使用PI-RADS v2.1评分,差异具有统计学意义。其中A模型敏感度0.843、特异度0.829,较单独使用PI-RADS v2.1评分（敏感度0.767、特异度0.801）诊断效能最佳。结论：PI-RADS v2.1评分联合PSA相关指标建立的Logistic模型在PSA灰区前列腺癌的诊断效能均优于单独运用PI-RADS v2.1评分,能够避免不必要的穿刺活检,对优化临床治疗策略具有较好的指导作用。     

Influence of a coarse interlayer on seawater intrusion and contaminant migration in coastal aquifers

Vertical 2D slice laboratory experiments were carried out in homogenous and layered sand tanks to elucidate the effects of a highly permeable (coarse‐grained sand) interlayer on seawater intrusion and transport of contaminants to a coastal sea. Tidal fluctuations produced oscillations in the seawater–freshwater transition zone, fluctuations of the contaminant infiltration rate and a zigzag contaminant plume outline. The seawater wedge became discontinuous at the (vertical) edges of the interlayer because of increased lateral movement of the seawater–freshwater interface within the interlayer. The contaminant plume formed a tail within the interlayer depending on the tidal stage, and similar to the wedge, its movement was accentuated. A simple analytical model that neglected vertical flow reliably predicted steady‐state seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer. Numerical modeling was used to gain insight into the groundwater hydrodynamics and contaminant migration. The numerical results confirmed the experimental findings, i.e. that a highly permeable interlayer can provide a rapid transit path for contaminants to reach the seaward boundary and that the interlayer amplifies the effects of tidal fluctuations, resulting in wider transition zones for the seawater wedge and contaminant plume. Numerical simulations further showed that, with increasing interlayer hydraulic conductivity, the maximum seawater intrusion distance inside the interlayer increases approximately linearly. For the fixed‐head contaminant injection condition used, the model showed that contaminant infiltration increases approximately logarithmically with increasing interlayer hydraulic conductivity (other factors held fixed). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new standardized Palmer drought index for hydro‐meteorological use

Accepting the concept of standardization introduced by the standardized precipitation index, similar methodologies have been developed to construct some other standardized drought indices such as the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). In this study, the authors provided deep insight into the SPEI and recognized potential deficiencies/limitations in relating to the climatic water balance it used. By coupling another well‐known Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), we proposed a new standardized Palmer drought index (SPDI) through a moisture departure probabilistic approach, which allows multi‐scalar calculation for accurate temporal and spatial comparison of the hydro‐meteorological conditions of different locations. Using datasets of monthly precipitation, temperature and soil available water capacity, the moisture deficit/surplus was calculated at multiple temporal scales, and a couple of techniques were adopted to adjust corresponding time series to a generalized extreme value distribution out of several candidates. Results of the historical records (1900–2012) for diverse climates by multiple indices showed that the SPDI was highly consistent and correlated with the SPEI and self‐calibrated PDSI at most analysed time scales. Furthermore, a simple experiment of hypothetical temperature and/or precipitation change scenarios also verified the effectiveness of this newly derived SPDI in response to climate change impacts. Being more robust and preferable in spatial consistency and comparability as well as combining the simplicity of calculation with sufficient accounting of the physical nature of water supply and demand relating to droughts, the SPDI is promising to serve as a competent reference and an alternative for drought assessment and monitoring. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of heterogeneity on unsaturated hydraulic properties: (1) local heterogeneity and scale effect

Spatial heterogeneity is ubiquitous in nature, which may significantly affect the soil hydraulic property curves. The models of a closed‐form functional relationship of soil hydraulic property curves (e.g. VG model or exponential model) are valid at point or local scale based on a point‐scale hydrological process, but how do scale effects of heterogeneity have an influence on the parameters of these models when the models are used in a larger scale process? This paper uses a two‐dimensional variably saturated flow and solute transport finite element model (VSAFT2) to simulate variations of pressure and moisture content in the soil flume under a constant head boundary condition. By changing different numerical simulation block sizes, a quantitative evaluation of parameter variations in the VG model, resulting from the scale effects, is presented. Results show that the parameters of soil hydraulic properties are independent of scale in homogeneous media. Parameters of α and n in homogeneous media, which are estimated by using the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curve (UHC) or the soil water retention curve (WRC), are identical. Variations of local heterogeneities strongly affect the soil hydraulic properties, and the scale affects the results of the parameter estimations when numerical experiments are conducted. Furthermore, the discrepancy of each curve becomes considerable when moisture content becomes closer to a dry situation. Parameters estimated by UHC are totally different from the ones estimated by WRC. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

加拿大萨斯喀彻温亚盆地某钾盐矿地质特征及其成因探讨

加拿大萨斯喀彻温亚盆地某矿区含钾盐矿层的属性母岩——草原蒸发岩具有良好的连续性,深度通常小于960m。矿石品级相对较高,K_2O舍量在9.26%~58.20%。草原蒸发岩内含有三个钾盐成矿段,分别为耐心湖(Patience Lake)含钾岩段、贝尔平原(Belle Prairie)含钾岩段、埃斯特黑齐(Esterhazy)含钾岩段。根据萨省的地球物理测井资料得出的钾盐厚度和品位数据,以及萨省政府最近发布的评估萨省钾盐资源潜力的资料,作者研究整理了萨省某区的地震、钻孔数据,预测了某区的优先勘探靶区,并对该地区的钾盐矿床地质成因做了初步探讨。     

融合点、对象、关键点等3种基元的点云滤波方法

基元是影响点云滤波精度和效率的关键因素之一。本文提出了一种基于多基元的三角网渐进加密(MPTPD)滤波方法。它包括点云分割、对象关键点提取、基于关键点的对象类别判别3个主要阶段,且3个阶段的基元分别为点、对象、关键点。使用了4景机载激光雷达和摄影测量点云数据对MPTPD、三角网渐进加密(TPD)、基于对象的三角网渐进加密(OTPD)3种滤波方法进行了性能测试。试验表明,MPTPD方法具有整体上最优的性能:在精度方面,MPTPD与OTPD两种方法的精度相当,MPTPD方法的一类误差I、总误差T比TPD的相应误差分别低约22.07%和8.44%;在效率方面,多数情况下TPD、MPTPD、OTPD方法的效率依次降低,且MPTPD的平均耗时是OTPD平均耗时的57.93%。