循环流化床燃煤脱硫剂技术研究现状及开发前景

本文论述了循环流化床在煤燃烧领域中的优势地位,并着重阐述了国内外循环流化床脱硫技术研究与脱硫剂开发利用状况,指出了在脱硫剂应用方面与国外的差距,提出了脱硫剂生产的产业化发展方向。     

Extraction and recovery of precious metals from electronic waste printed circuit boards by bioleaching acidophilic fungi

Printed circuit boards contain precious metals. They are produced in large volumes, rendering them an important component of the electronic waste. In view of the heterogeneity of the metals present, reprocessing of electronic waste is a heinous task. The present study focused on leaching of valuable metals from electronic waste printed circuit boards using Aspergillus niger DDNS1. The adaptation phases began at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% of fine powder of printed circuit boards with 10% inoculum and were optimized with three effective factors, viz. initial pH, particle size and pulp density, to achieve the maximum simultaneous recovery of the valuable metals. The interactions of these metals were also deciphered using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results indicated that extraction of the precious metals was accomplished mainly through the unique organic acids originating from A. niger DDNS1. The initial pH played an important role in the extraction of the precious metals and the metals precipitate formation. The leaching rate of the metals was generally higher at low powder dosage of printed circuit boards. The toxicity of the printed circuit boards had little effect on two-step bioleaching at the pulp density of 0.1% compared to one-step bioleaching. The two-step bioleaching process was followed under organic acid-forming conditions for the maximum mobilization of metals. Thus, the precious metals from printed circuit boards could be mobilized through fungal bioleaching which promises an important industrial application in recycling of electronic wastes.     

Rare earth elements in the clay fraction of coaliferous sediments of the Arkagalinskoe (Magadan district) and Dolinskoe (Sakhalin Island) coalfields

The study of REE distribution in the clay fraction of sedimentary rocks from two coalfields made it possible to distinguish several types of REE distribution, which correlate with their mineral composition. It is shown that the REE fractionation was related to the mineral reconstruction of the primary clay fraction and some detrital minerals in the course of postsedimentary transformations of rocks during diagenesis, early catagenesis, and beginning of late catagenesis. These transformations were governed by several factors, such as the composition of sediments; hydrochemical features of accumulation environment; the chemical composition, dynamics, and feeding sources of pore solutions; the porosity and permeability of sediments and rocks; and the content of organic matter and its reaction ability.     

基于实践调研的区域地理教学路径探索——以“天兴洲的综合开发方案”项目式学习为例

目前,中学地理实践活动往往局限于校园与课堂之内,可施展的空间和适用的主题都十分有限。在区域地理学习中,学生可进行"知行合一"的机会更加难得。本文以"天兴洲的综合开发方案"为项目主题,在天兴洲野外真实的环境中开展实践调研,拓展学生的活动空间,延展项目式学习的主题范畴,探索基于实践调研开展区域地理教学的有效路径。     

锰矿石脱硫产物处理含铜废水动态实验研究

氧化型锰矿石脱硫产物含大量硫化锰,利用这种材料装填固定床进行净化水中铜离子的动态试验.在材料粒径0.45～0.9mm、进水pH=5.8、进水滤速4.58 m/h条件下,1 t锰矿石脱硫产物可以处理923 tρ(Cu~(2+))=50 mg/L的含铜废水,出水ρ(Cu~(2+))<0.5 mg/L,低于国家一级排放标准.控制进水pH在4～9之间、降低进水滤速、采用较小粒径的材料有利于提高锰矿石脱硫产物处理含铜废水的容量.利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)对材料和产物进行表征,证明锰矿石脱硫产物去除水中铜离子是基于离子交换反应的原理.     

基于BGM的暴雨集合预报初始扰动发展分析

基于增长模繁殖法（BGM）思想,采用AREM（新一代区域η坐标模式）,研究了暴雨过程中,初始随机扰动在繁殖循环中随时间的演变特征和发展机理。结果表明,初始扰动的演变决定于环流背景场的结构和大气中的湿物理过程。背景场不仅影响扰动的演变规律,而且决定了扰动发展的敏感区域。初始扰动随时间演变存在两个敏感区,一是背景场的大风速区,二是降水区附近。对流层高层,大风速区附近扰动得到最优发展;对流层中低层,扰动不仅沿大风速区发展,且与降水区配合较好。初始扰动发展的机理也有两种,一是大气湿物理过程引起的位势不稳定或第二类条件不稳定（CISK）;二是由风切变引起的大气动力不稳定。高层扰动的增长,以干大气的动力不稳定占优,中低层扰动的发展主要是湿物理过程的贡献,初始扰动在模式中的发展与降水的发展是同“源”的,有利于降水发展的环境也有利于初始扰动的发展,从而影响了降水的可预报性。所以利用暴雨预报模式制作集合预报时,BGM仍是可用的方法。     

MODIS遥感监测滇池蓝藻水华分布

以中分辨率的MODIS数据作为遥感影像源,运用蓝藻水华在蓝波段、红波段和近红外波段的光谱特征,使用假彩色合成法（RGB：6-2-1）和归一化植被指数法对滇池的蓝藻水华进行遥感监测。通过星地同步试验,证明了该两种方法的正确性。其中假彩色合成法通过色彩差异表现蓝藻水华,具有视觉效果较好的优点,归一化植被指数法则以数值大小的方式区别水华浓度,该方法建立反演模型后可用于定量研究。     

黄土高原半干旱区非均一下垫面粗糙度分析

利用2007年4月17日-2008年4月16日兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站边界层气象塔的风速、 风向、 温度、 气压、 湿度等观测资料, 采用经典的廓线法和风速、 风向标准差法, 分别计算了中性大气层结下观测站下垫面粗糙度长度, 并得到了具有黄土高原地理特征的地表粗糙度及其时空变化特征。计算结果表明, 季节变化对粗糙度的影响幅度可达0.159 m, 空间非均一性对粗糙度的影响幅度可达0.155 m。测站附近粗糙度春季为0.017 m, 夏季为0.062 m, 秋季为0.065 m, 冬季为0.018 m。测站西北方向上游粗糙度春季为0.17 m, 夏季为0.22 m, 秋季为0.34 m, 冬季为0.05 m。测站东南方向上游粗糙度春季为0.11 m, 夏季为0.17 m, 秋季为0.19 m, 冬季为0.05 m。该站下垫面粗糙度计算宜选用风速为6±1.5 m·s-1, 风向变化30°范围内的数据。     

北京雷暴大风气候特征及短时临近预报方法

北京地区雷暴大风的预报准确率低而且时效短.为了提高对这种灾害性天气的预警能力,在气候统计的基础上,研究了潜势预报方法和临近预报算法.对1998-2007年134个雷暴大风过程的统计结果表明,北京地区绝大多数的雷暴大风具有下击暴流特征,而且冰雹的落区附近也是大风的爆发区之一.因此,负浮力的作用和对冰雹具有指示性意义的因子是研究雷暴大风预报方法应主要考虑的因素.500hPa环流背景分析表明,尽管绝大多数雷暴大风爆发时对流层中层有干空气侵入,但是还有少数个例产生在偏南暖湿气流中.目前,对后一类大风产生的机制仍然不清楚.研究表明,当对流层中层有干空气侵入时,有利于雷暴大风出现的环境条件是:下沉气流具有较大的不稳定性,同时对流层低层环境大气的温度直减率较大.此外,还讨论了经验指数--大风指数在北京地区的应用.基于上述的研究,形成了北京地区雷暴大风短时潜势预报方法,还使用相关分析和多元回归分析技术建立了基于雷达观测和环境条件的雷暴大风临近预报方程.个例分析表明,临近预报方程对于飑线和弓形回波等带来的地面大风具有一定的预报能力.