武汉市宝通寺地铁站基坑工程监测与分析

介绍了武汉市轨道交通二号线一期工程第20标段宝通寺地铁车站基坑工程的支护设计和监测方案,并对监测结果中基坑周围岩土体侧向水平位移和内支撑轴力进行了初步分析。监测结果表明：土层和岩层在基坑开挖过程中的侧向水平变形程度相差较大,且不同状态的土层侧向水平变形程度亦不相同;由于土层相对于岩层侧向变形较大,其支护时所表现出来的内支撑轴力亦比较大。因此,对于不同地层,进行基坑支护方案选择时应根据其不同变形性质进行合理的优化设计,对土层和岩层可采取不同的支护形式,以到达既安全又经济的目的。     

Age of the Marwar Supergroup,NW India:A note on the U–Pb geochronology of Jodhpur Group felsic volcanics

The Marwar Supergroup(NW Peninsular India)is thought to be of Ediacaran-Cambrian age,based on previous paleontological and geochronological studies.However,direct constraints on the onset of sedimentation within the Marwar basin are still scarce.In this study,we report U–Pb zircon,LA-ICP-MS,and SIMS ages from the Chhoti Khatu felsic volcanic rocks,interlayered with the Jodhpur Group sandstones(Lower Marwar Supergroup).The cathodoluminescence images of the zircons indicate complex morphologies,and core-rim textures coupled with the wide range of ages indicate that they are likely inherited or in the case of thin poorly indurated ash-beds,detrital in origin.The age spectra of 68 zircon analyses from our sampling display a dominant 800–900 Ma age peak corresponding to the age of basement"Erinpura granite"rocks in the region.The youngest inherited zircon from a felsic ash layer yielded a U–Pb age of651 Ma±18 Ma that,together with previous studies and paleontological evidence,indicates a postCryogenian age for the initiation of Marwar sedimentation following a~125 Ma hiatus between the end of Malani magmatism and Marwar deposition.     

冻融循环下含节理类岩石试样剪切破坏特性

为探究冻融循环对节理岩石抗剪力学特性的影响,针对冻融循环前后不同连通率节理岩石试样进行剪切特性试验,探究了节理试样的剪切破坏机制,对比分析了冻融前后节理试样抗剪强度的衰减趋势,分析了黏聚力及内摩擦角随岩石试样剪切破坏面分形维数的变化规律。结果表明：随冻融循环次数的增加,节理试样剪切应力-位移曲线发生显著变化,峰值剪应力出现明显下降,黏聚力及内摩擦角对比冻融前试样出现明显劣化,并且随节理试样连通率的增加,劣化程度加剧;在节理连通率相同时,随冻融循环次数的增加,剪切破坏面的分形维数呈现近指数函数递增的趋势,随分形维数的增加,节理试样的黏聚力损伤因子、内摩擦损伤因子也呈现指数函数增加的趋势;在冻融循环次数相同时,内摩擦角损伤因子随节理连通率的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,而黏聚力损伤因子在冻融循环次数为30次前后分别呈递增和先减后增的趋势。     

青藏高原东部基于噪声的面波群速度分布特征

通过收集青海、甘肃、四川三省的76个地震台记录的2008年1—12月三分量的连续噪声数据,利用噪声面波层析成像的方法获得了青藏高原东部的面波群速度分布特征。首先采用多重滤波方法提取了1 000多条台站对5～50 s的三分量面波群速度频散曲线,然后将研究区域划分为0.2°×0.2°的网格,利用O ccam方法反演了瑞利波(R-R)和勒夫波(T-T)的群速度分布。反演得到的群速度分布特征与地表地质和构造特征表现出较好的相关性,清晰地揭示了地壳内部的横向速度变化。层析成像的结果显示在短周期(8～20 s)内,拥有较厚的沉积层的四川盆地表现为明显的低速特征,而青藏高原东部则表现为较高的群速度分布特征;随着周期的增加(>20 s),群速度的分布特征呈现出与短周期相反的特性,青藏高原东部下方的速度远远低于四川盆地,这可能与青藏高原东部中、下地壳低速层相关联,同时也意味着研究区域的地壳结构具有明显的横向不均匀性。在群速度分布图上,龙门山不仅是四川盆地与青藏高原的地形和构造分界带,同时也对应着高群速度与低群速度的过渡带。     

辽东石庙沟岩体岩石地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素及其地质意义

辽东石庙沟地区位于华北陆块东部的辽吉造山/活动带上,该带经历了十分复杂的构造演化过程,记录了多期岩浆-构造-变质事件。石庙沟岩体为花岗斑岩,富SiO₂、Na₂O和K₂O,贫CaO、MgO及Al₂O₃,亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ti、Ta、P）,富集大离子亲石元素（K、Rb、Ba、U）,A/CNK值大于1,REE配分曲线呈"海鸥"式分布,以具有显著的负Eu异常为特征,高Ga/Al值,与典型A型花岗岩特征一致。花岗斑岩中锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果表明其成岩年龄为（123.0±1.6）Ma,为早白垩世。锆石Hf同位素分析表明,ε_Hf（t）值均为负值,介于-15.72~-12.85之间,平均值为-14.14,二阶段模式年龄（T_DM2）在2 164~1 989 Ma之间,平均为2 067 Ma,反映源岩以大陆壳成分为主。结合花岗斑岩高SiO₂,低Mg、Co、Cr、Ni,且富集LREE和LILE,亏损HFSE等特征,表明早白垩世花岗斑岩岩浆应为大陆地壳物质熔融的产物。根据年代学和岩石地球化学研究认为,早白垩世花岗斑岩是古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆板块俯冲所形成的活动大陆边缘弧花岗岩。研究区早白垩世花岗斑岩的形成主要受太平洋构造域的影响,形成环境受板块俯冲造山后伸展作用和下地壳拆沉作用的联合制约,是辽东地区岩石圈减薄的直接证据。     

GDAS数据和NOAH陆面模式在中国应用的精度检验

GDAS数据集中的大气强迫数据是目前使用最广的用于陆面模式模拟地表水热参数的输入数据集,除模型本身外,可以说这些输入数据决定了模型的模拟精度。虽然这类数据具有空间分辨率低、空间代表性和精度有限的缺点,但在没有更好办法的现实条件下,现阶段多数研究者还是以此为依据进行陆面过程的模拟分析。本文的目的就是对目前普遍使用的GDAS强迫数据和NOAH陆面模式在中国应用的模拟精度进行检验,是模型和数据不做任何改动条件下的检验结果,给出客观的评价,以作为数据和模型使用者的参考依据,引起研究者的重视。利用中国3种典型生态系统的地面实测数据进行检验的结果显示：@GDAS强迫数据中的短波净辐射数据和总净辐射数据质量非常好,可以作为重要的辐射数据源使用;（2）GDAS的降雨数据与地面雨量筒实测数据比较误差较大,但综合考虑降雨数据验证时的尺度效应问题和目前降雨空间数据资源十分有限,GDAS的降雨数据仍具有很高的实用价值;（3）NOAH模拟的地表潜热、显热通量和0-10cm表层土壤含水量数据在时间变化趋势上与地面观测结果较一致,说明模拟结果能够很好地反映地表真实的变化过程,但在具体量值上仍存在较大差异;（4）NOAH模拟对土壤热通量的模拟精度较差。     

投影寻踪门限回归模型在年径流预测中的应用

为预测年径流这类同维复杂动力系统，提出了投影寻踪门限回归（PPTR）模型。构造了新的投影指标函数，用门限回归（TR）模型描述投影值与预测对象间的非线性关系，并用实码加速遗传算法优化投影指标指数函数和TR模型参数。实例的计算结果表明，用PPTR模型预测年径流是可行而有效的。PPRT模型简便、适用性强，克服了目前投影寻踪方法计算量大、编程实现困难的缺点，有利投影寻踪方法的推广应用，为解决高维非线性复杂预测问题提供了新途径。     

Ecological compensation for desertification control: A review

Desertification control is a crucial way to enhancing the ecological conditions of arid and semi-arid regions, and maintaining sustainable development globally. Designing and improving an ecological compensation mechanism for desertification control has great significance related to achieving balance amongst the needs of different economic subjects and the assurance of a sustained and stable supply of desert ecosystem services. In this paper, (1) the theoretical bases of ecological compensation for desertification control were re-analyzed; (2) the research status and challenges of three important topics related to ecological compensation for desertification control were systemically discussed, including compensation standards, ecosystem service supply-consumption process and multi-scale effects, and resource- environment basis and policy orientation; (3) a research framework of ecological compensation for desertification control based on the process of desert ecosystem service supply–flow–consumption was proposed; (4) and finally, seven priority research issues were discussed, which aimed to support ecological compensation policy-making and ecological engineering implementation for desertification control.     

黄土高原多沙粗沙区侵蚀模型探讨

国内外曾研究出不同类型的坡面侵蚀计算模型,但还没有一个成熟的流域侵蚀计算模型,至今流域侵蚀量仍以输沙量替代。本文充分利用黄河中游不同区域具有大量淤地坝的条件,再通过侵蚀影响因素机理的分析、在侵蚀形态类型区的划分等基础上探讨侵蚀变权模型的建设。首先选择了155个“闷葫芦”淤地坝,采集每个坝的年均淤积量,以及相应流域的侵蚀影响因素：植被盖度、降雨量、沟谷密度、切割深度、地表组成物质、>15°的坡耕地面积比等资料,采用变权形式,建立侵蚀强度宏观估算模型。最后用年降水量与年输沙量的关系对模型进行改进。     

Degrading river network due to urbanization in Yangtze River Delta

Evolution of river systems under the background of human activities has been a heated topic among geographers and hydrologists. Spatial and temporal variations of river systems during the 1960s–2010s in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) were investigated based on streams derived from the topographic maps in the 1960s, 1980s and 2010s. A list of indices, drainage density (Dd), water surface ratio (WSR), ratio of area to length of main streams (R), evolution coefficient of tributaries (K) and box dimension (D), were classified into three types (quantitative, structural, and complex indices) and used to quantify the variations of stream structure. Results showed that: (1) quantitative indices (Dd, WSR) presented decreasing trend in the past 50 years, and Dd in Wuchengxiyu, Hangjiahu and Yindongnan have decreased most, about 20%. Structurally, the Qinhuai River basin was characterized by significant upward R, and K value in Hangjiahu went down dramatically by 46.8% during the 1960s–2010s. Decreasing tendency in D was found dominating across the YRD, and decreasing magnitude in Wuchengxiyu and Hangjiahu peaks for 7.8% and 6.5%, respectively in the YRD. (2) Urbanization affected the spatial pattern of river system, and areas with high level of urbanization exhibited least Dd (2.18 km/km²), WSR (6.52%), K (2.64) and D (1.42), compared to moderate and low levels of urbanization. (3) Urbanization also affected the evolution of stream system. In the past 50 years, areas with high level of urbanization showed compelling decreasing tendency in quantitative (27.2% and 19.3%) and complex indices (4.9%) and trend of enlarging of main rivers (4.5% and 7.9% in periods of the 1960s–1980s and the 1980s–2010s). In the recent 30 years, areas with low level of urbanization were detected with significant downward trend in Dd and K. (4) Expanding of urban land, construction of hydraulic engineering and irrigation and water conservancy activities were the main means which degraded the river system in the YRD.