Settlement distribution and its relationship with environmental changes from the Neolithic to Shang-Zhou dynasties in northern Shandong, China

In this paper, the spatial and temporal distribution of the settlement sites of six periods from the Neolithic Age to the Shang and Zhou dynasties in northern Shandong was investigated using the ArcGIS program, and the relationship between settlement distribution and environmental changes was discussed, based on the proxy records of climatic and environmental change contained in the sediments from three sections at the Shuangwangcheng site and the previous work. The results show that the climate was warm and humid and the sea level was relatively high during the period of 8000-5000 a BP in the study area, and the ancient people lived in the relatively flat （slope of 〈2°） areas at high elevation （20-300 m above sea level）, such as diluvial tableland and alluvial plain. On the other hand, few archaeological sites in the low-lying plain in the west of the study area indicate that few people lived there during that period. This might be attributed to frequent flooding in the area. After 5000 years ago, the scope of human activity extended to the area close to the sea because the relatively colder and drier climate results in sea-level fall, meanwhile the low-lying plain in the west was occupied by the ancient people. The study area of this period was characterized by the rapid development of prehistoric culture, the intensified social stratification and the emergence of early city-states. However, around 4000 a BP, the abrupt change in climate and the increase in frequency and intensity of floods severely disrupted human activities, and eventually led to the decline of the Yueshi culture. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the climatic conditions gradually stabilized in a mild-dry state, which promoted the redevelopment and flourish of the Bronze Culture. The previous situation, which was characteristic of sparse human settlements due to freshwater shortage and unfitted conditions for sedentary agriculture, changed during the Shang and Zhou dynasties in northern coastal wetlands.Local residents effectively adapted themselves to the tough environmental conditions by producing sea-salt, which led to the rapid growth of human activities.     

Different discretization method used in coupled water and heat transport mode for soil under freezing conditions

A coupled water and heat transport mode is established based on the Richards equation to study water flow and heat transport in soil during freezing process. Both the finite difference and finite element method are used in the discretization, respectively. Two different computer programs are written and used to simulate an indoor unidirectional frozen test. The freezing depth, freezing rate and temperature variation are compared among lab tests, finite difference calculation simulation and finite element calculation simulation. Result shows that: the finite difference method has a better performance in freezing depth simulation while the finite element method has a better performance in numerical stability in one-dimensional freezing simulation.     

On the relation of mid-infrared emission with the gamma-ray properties of Fermi-detected BL Lac objects

We present the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) photometric data of 158 Fermi-detected BL Lacs and investigate the nature of their mid-infrared (MIR) continuum emission. In the [3.4]-[4.6]-[12] μm color–color diagram, nearly all their colors lie within the WISE Blazar strip (WBS), which is an effective diagnostic tool to separate sources dominated by non-thermal radiation from those dominated by thermal radiation. This feature indicates that their MIR emission is predominantly non-thermal. This argument is further supported by the strong radio-MIR flux correlation. We derive their MIR spectral indices and compare them with the near-infrared (NIR) spectral indices. We find that there is a prevalent steepening from MIR spectrum to NIR spectrum. The low-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (LBLs) have on average a larger MIR spectral index and a higher MIR luminosity than the high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (HBLs), and the intermediate-frequency-peaked BL Lacs (IBLs) appear to bridge them. The MIR-γ-ray flux correlation is highly significant. A strong positive correlation is also found between the MIR and γ-ray spectral indices. The γ-ray-MIR loudness is significantly correlated with the synchrotron peak frequency. Finally we propose that the γ-rays are highly associated with the MIR emission from the jet, and the γ-ray emission is likely from the synchrotron self-Compton process for the Fermi-detected BL Lacs in our sample.     

Geomorphic and stream flow influences on large wood dynamics and displacement lengths in high gradient mountain streams (Chile)

Understanding large wood (LW; ≥1 m long and ≥10 cm in diameter) dynamics in rivers is critical for many disciplines including those assessing flood hazard and risk. However, our understanding of wood entrainment and deposition is still limited, mainly because of the lack of long‐term monitoring of wood‐related processes. The dataset presented here was obtained from more than 8 years of monitoring of 1,264 tagged wood pieces placed in 4 low‐order streams of the Chilean mountain ranges and was used to further our understanding of key factors controlling LW dynamics. We show that LW displacement lengths were longer during periods when peak‐flow water depths (H_max) exceeded the bankfull stage (H_Bk) than in periods with H_max ≤ H_Bk and that these differences were significantly higher for smaller wood pieces. LW length and length relative to channel dimensions were the main factors governing LW entrainment; LW displacement lengths were inversely related to the ratio of piece length to H_15% (i.e., the level above which the flow remains for 15% of the time) and to the ratio of H_15% to bankfull width. Unrooted logs and LW pieces located at the bankfull stage travelled significantly longer distances than logs with attached rootwads and those located in other positions within the bankfull channel. A few large logjams were broken during the period of observation, and in all occasions, LW from these broken logjams did not travel over longer distances than other pieces of LW moved in the same periods and in the same stream segments. Most importantly, our work reveals that LW dynamics tend to be concentrated within a few reaches in each stream and that reaches exhibiting high wood dynamics (extensive entrainment, deposition, or repositioning of LW) are significantly wider and less steep than less dynamic reaches.     

~5.9 cal ka bp Towada-Chuseri tephra from Towada volcano: a mid-Holocene marker layer from Japan to northeast China

Far-travelled ash layers from explosive volcanic eruptions can provide invaluable marker horizons for dating and correlating regional to global sedimentary archives. Here, we present a new cryptotephra associated with the ~5.9 cal ka bp Towada-Chuseri eruption (To-Cu) in a peat sediment record from northeast China. This tephra exhibits a rhyolitic glass composition that can be distinguished from other widespread tephra layers around the region of Japan and northeast China. Our findings extend the known range of this ash significantly, making it now traceable about 1200 km from its source, Towada volcano, Japan. Notably, this tephra provides an important isochron for synchronising palaeoenvironmental studies during the mid-Holocene period from the western Pacific, central Japan, Japan Sea and northeast China.     

浙江田螺山遗址古盐度及其环境背景同河姆渡文化演化的关系(英文)

Paleosalinity records of the Tianluoshan site are derived from measurations data of clay mineral,boron,strontium,barium,after field sampling in three profiles of the Tianluoshan site.The relative sea level changes are discussed according to the lab results.The record indicates that the region where the Tianluoshan site located has witnessed at least three times of relative sea level high-stand before,during and after the Hemudu period.Based on previous researches,this paper also focuses on discussing severa...     

艾比湖湿地生态环境保护意识调查分析

采用调查问卷的方法,试图真实反映艾比湖湿地自然保护区当地居民保护意识的强度,结果表明:①73.97%的当地居民意识到人类活动对艾比湖湿地生态环境的影响;②当地居民参与保护生态环境的积极性较高,96.83%的当地居民愿意出钱保护艾比湖湿地生态环境。说明当地居民对保护艾比湖湿地生态环境有强烈愿望,也说明当地居民的支付意愿与当地的经济紧密相连;③71.45%的当地居民相信艾比湖湿地自然保护区将有一个稳定的、持续的、协调的生态环境生存发展。     

北京湿地景观监测与动态演变

湿地是地表最重要的景观覆盖类型和生态系统,具有巨大的资源潜力和环境功能.长期以来,由于人类活动影响造成湿地景观的巨大变化,不仅改变了湿地景观原有的功能,而且对湿地环境产生重要影响.本文以北京湿地为研究区域,将马尔科夫过程模型引入到湿地景观格局分析和预测中,采用遥感和GIS相结合的方法,利用1996、2001与2005年Landsat TM影像为信息源,分析了北京湿地景观格局演变过程.研究结果标明:北京地区的湿地资源面积呈现显著退化趋势,湿地面积由1996年的62869.64 hm<,2>减少到2005年的31416.311hm<'2>;北京湿地斑块趋向于不规则,破碎化程度增强导致湿地易消退,湿地功能难以发挥;在现有的人类作用强度的情况下,北京湿地景观格局可达到一个相对稳定的状态,即天然河流达到10.93%,人工水域占99.17%.研究结果为北京湿地的可持续发展与科学管理提供了依据.     

车-桥-墩耦合系统演变随机振动分析

将梁简化为两端简支的欧拉-伯努利梁模型,桥墩简化为底部固结的柱,考虑两自由度车辆移动系统与桥面结构表面接触处不平整产生的随机激励,建立了移动车辆系统-桥-墩的耦合力学分析模型。根据子结构方法和演变随机过程一般理论,并应用模态分析法对车-桥-墩耦合系统进行随机振动分析,推导得到了桥墩位移、桥墩轴力、梁竖向位移协方差函数和均方值响应的理论计算公式。通过数值算例,比较了跨中位移的确定性响应和跨中位移的均方根值响应,讨论了在不同桥墩高度、不同车辆移动速度、不同桥面等级下桥梁跨中竖向位移均方根、桥墩轴力均方根的变化规律。