Dynamic Brazilian Tests of Granite Under Coupled Static and Dynamic Loads

Rocks in underground projects at great depth, which are under high static stresses, may be subjected to dynamic disturbance at the same time. In our previous work (Li et al. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 45(5):739–748, 2008), the dynamic compressive behaviour of pre-stressed rocks was investigated using coupled-load equipment. The current work is devoted to the investigation of the dynamic tensile behaviour of granite rocks under coupled loads using the Brazilian disc (BD) method with the aid of a high-speed camera. Through wave analyses, stress measurements and crack photography, the fundamental problems of BD tests, such as stress equilibrium and crack initiation, were investigated by the consideration of different loading stresses with abruptly or slowly rising stress waves. The specially shaped striker method was used for the coupled-load test; this generates a slowly rising stress wave, which allows gradual stress accumulation in the specimen, whilst maintaining the load at both ends of the specimen in an equilibrium state. The test results showed that the tensile strength of the granite under coupled loads decreases with increases in the static pre-stresses, which might lead to modifications of the blasting design or support design in deep underground projects. Furthermore, the failure patterns of specimens under coupled loads have been investigated.     

Correlation analysis and partial least square modeling to quantify typical minerals with Chang＇E-3 visible and near-infrared imaging spectrometer＇s ground validation data

In 2013, Chang＇E-3 program will develop lunar mineral resources in-situ detection. A Visible and Near-infrared Imaging Spectrometer （VNIS） has been selected as one payload of CE-3 lunar rover to achieve this goal. It is critical and urgent to evaluate VNIS＇ spectrum data quality and validate quantification methods for mineral composition before its launch. Ground validation experiment of VNIS was carried out to complete the two goals, by simulating CE-3 lunar rover＇s detection environment on lunar surface in the laboratory. Based on the hyperspectral reflectance data derived, Correlation Analysis and Partial Least Square （CA-PLS） algorithm is applied to predict abundance of four lunar typical minerals （pyroxene, plagioclase, ilmenite and olivine） in their mixture. We firstly selected a set of VNIS＇ spectral parameters which highly correlated with minerals＇ abundance by correlation analysis （CA）, and then stepwise regression method was used to find out spectral parameters which make the largest contri- butions to the mineral contents. At last, functions were derived to link minerals＇ abundance and spectral parameters by partial least square （PLS） algorithm. Not considering the effect of maturity, agglutinate and Fe~, we found that there are wonderful correlations between these four minerals and VNIS＇ spectral parameters, e.g. the abundance of pyroxene correlates positively with the mixture＇s absorption depth, the value of absorption depth added as the in- creasing of pyroxene＇s abundance. But the abundance of plagioclase correlates negatively with the spectral parame- ters of band ratio, the value of band ratio would decrease when the abundance of plagioclase increased. Similar to plagioclase, the abundance of ilmenite and olivine has a negative correlation with the mixture＇s reflectance data, if the abundance of ilmenite or olivine increase, the reflectance values of the mixture will decrease. Through model validation, better estimates of pyroxene, plagioclase and ilmenite＇s abundances are given. It is concluded that VNIS has the capability to be applied on lunar minerals＇ identification, and CA-PLS algorithm has the potential to be used on lunar surface＇s in-situ detection for minerals＇ abundance prediction.     

基于层次分析法的黄河上游水源涵养区生态系统恢复力评价——以甘南州、临夏州为例北大核心CSCD

在全球气候变化背景下,人类活动对生态环境质量影响的定量评价是区域生态保护与高质量发展的关键问题。本文基于层次分析法(AHP)和GIS可视化空间分析技术,应用遥感反演的生态系统分类资料和社会经济统计资料等,构建了包含社会经济、土地压力、自然条件3个准则层的生态系统恢复力评价指标体系,结合指标时空尺度无量纲化与综合指数法,进行了甘肃省甘南州、临夏州2000—2020年的生态系统恢复力定量评估。结果表明:研究区域空间尺度生态恢复力范围分别为0.14—0.65(2000年)、0.12—0.72(2005年)、0.07—0.70(2010年)、0.12—0.70(2015年)、0.28—0.82(2020年);甘南生态系统恢复力较高,临夏生态系统恢复力较低,在空间分布上,生态系统恢复力呈现北低南高的总体特征,高生态恢复力的乡镇以草地、森林、灌木生态系统为主,低生态恢复力的乡镇以农田、城镇生态系统为主;在时序变化特征中,生态系统恢复力总体向好,呈现先上升、后下降、最后上升趋势,受人类活动与气候变化共同作用。     

THE URBAN FUNCTION OF SUZHOU ON BASIS OF THE SHANGHAI-SUZHOU RELATIONSHIP

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非常规源岩层系油气形成分布与前景展望

经过十余年理论技术持续攻关,中国陆上实现了致密砂岩气规模发展、页岩气快速发展、煤层气持续发展、致密油稳步发展和页岩油加快探索,源岩层系油气已成为中国非常规油气增储上产的主要组成部分.源岩层系油气包括源岩油气和致密油气2种资源类型,普遍具备有效配置的烃源岩、储集层和聚集保存3个方面基础地质形成条件,展现出源内或近源大面积连续分布标志特征,海相页岩气主要分布于深水陆棚区,致密砂岩气和煤层气一般分布于主要聚煤期煤系,页岩层系石油一般主要发育于长期持续沉降的富油湖盆.源岩层系油气开发追求“平面甜点区”“纵向甜点段”较好经济资源条件,页岩气需含气量高、孔隙度高、TOC含量高、热演化程度适中、气层埋藏适中、保存条件好、储层可压性好、储量规模大,致密砂岩气需全天候气源、中粗粒砂岩、含气层系多、大面积聚集、稳定斜坡区、中浅层埋藏,致密油甜点区段一般具有烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、成缝性和经济性“六特性”经济资源条件.中国非常规源岩层系油气资源丰富,源岩层系天然气是天然气上产的“主力”,源岩层系石油是石油稳产的“砝码”,实现地下原位“煤岩燃烧气化、页岩熟化气化”“2个革命性领域”突破是推进源岩层系油气领域“跨越式”发展的关键路径.      

Destruction of Archean lower crust recorded in granulite and pyroxenite xenoliths of Mesozoic basalts from Western Liaoning,North China Craton

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology - Fractionation of felsic magma has been critical for the formation of high-silica rhyolites, chemical differentiation of the continental crust, and...     

多普勒天气雷达波束水平距离的计算方法

从球坐标系出发,利用三角形余弦定理和大气折射理论,推导了不作任何近似的、包含地球曲率和大气折射影响的多普勒天气雷达波束水平距离D_m的计算公式,并与斜距投影D_r、地表平面近似的计算公式(不考虑地球曲率和大气折射,记为D_d)和地表球面近似的计算公式(不考虑大气折射,记为D_s)进行了对比分析。结果发现,在标准大气状态下,D_m与D_r在高仰角相差2.5 km以上(D_r大),最高距离差达3.5 km(19.5°仰角最大斜距处);与D_d在低仰角相差0.5 km以上(D_d大),与D_r相差在0.5 km以下(Dm大)。并利用2011—2015年南昌站的探空资料,分析了南昌地区各个季节大气折射的变化情况及其与标准大气的区别。结果显示,夏季南昌上空电磁波的传播受大气折射的影响最大,冬季电磁波受大气折射的影响最小。最后,给出了南昌地区各个季节地球曲率K及等效地球半径Rm与标准大气的订正关系。     

巴旦杏越冬冻害气象指标

低温冻害是危害新疆林果业持续健康高效发展的三大灾害之一,通过对越冬期间果树冻害历史灾情资料的调查及最低气温数据库的建立,研究冻害的发生时间、界限温度以及冻害发生年各项气象因子的变化特征,阐明果树越冬冻害与气象因子的关系.结果表明,可根据冬季平均气温、最低气温、降温天气及低温持续时间等确定该区巴旦杏越冬期发生冻害的气象指标.研究结果可为有效防范低温冻害提供理论依据,为林果业生产服务.     

太原城市化进程对城市热岛的影响

采用城市化的多项要素指标,系统考察了太原1980-2009年期间城市化的发展对其城市热岛效应的影响关系,发现城市化的发展是导致城市热岛效应形成和加剧的主要原因.认为:①近30年,太原市郊区的增温率为0.51℃/10a,市区的增温率为0.90℃/10a,热岛强度的增温率为0.39℃/10a,热岛效应不断增强;②各类城市发展指数与城市热岛效应都有很好的相关关系;③太原城郊温差和总人口对数呈线性相关关系,其长期变化相关系数为0.81;④太原城郊温差和城市房屋建筑面积对数呈线性关系,其长期变化相关系数为0.85.     

A new lunar absolute control point: established by images from the landing camera on Chang'e-3

The establishment of a lunar control network is one of the core tasks in selenodesy, in which defining an absolute control point on the Moon is the most important step. However, up to now, the number of absolute control points has been very sparse. These absolute control points have mainly been lunar laser ranging retroreflectors, whose geographical location can be observed by observations on Earth and also identified in high resolution lunar satellite images. The Chang'e-3(CE-3) probe successfully landed on the Moon, and its geographical location has been monitored by an observing station on Earth. Since its positional accuracy is expected to reach the meter level, the CE-3 landing site can become a new high precision absolute control point. We use a sequence of images taken from the landing camera, as well as satellite images taken by CE-1 and CE-2, to identify the location of the CE-3 lander. With its geographical location known, the CE-3 landing site can be established as a new absolute control point, which will effectively expand the current area of the lunar absolute control network by 22%, and can greatly facilitate future research in the field of lunar surveying and mapping, as well as selenodesy.