Effect of culture methods on individual variation in the growth of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus within a cohort and family

There is substantial individual variation in the growth rates of sea cucumber Apostiehopus japonicus individuals. This necessitates additional work to grade the seed stock and lengthens the production period. We evaluated the influence of three culture methods （free-mixed, isolated-mixed, isolated-alone） on individual variation in growth and assessed the relationship between feeding, energy conversion efficiency, and individual growth variation in individually cultured sea cucumbers. Of the different culture methods, animals grew best when reared in the isolated-mixed treatment （i.e., size classes were held separately）, though there was no difference in individual variation in growth between rearing treatment groups. The individual variation in growth was primarily attributed to genetic factors. The difference in food conversion efficiency caused by genetic differences among individuals was thought to be the origin of the variance. The level of individual growth variation may be altered by interactions among individuals and environmental heterogeneity. Our results suggest that, in addition to traditional seed grading, design of a new kind of substrate that changes the spatial distribution of sea cucumbers would effectively enhance growth and reduce individual variation in growth of sea cucumbers in culture.     

基于多尺度SPI的中国南方大旱监测

用标准化降水指数(SPI)对2003年南方大旱发生、发展、持续、缓解进行全过程监测。2002年12月—2003年5月中国西南地区东部以及华南南部两广交界一带发生冬春连旱,其中西南地区东部冬旱最为严重,华南南部一带春旱最为严重。入夏以来南方大范围地区6—12月逐月均表现亏水,尤以7、8、10月亏水面积最广,强度最大。2003年6—12月长江以南大范围地区持续夏秋冬三季连旱,旱情极为严重,局部地区出现极端干旱,而长江以北则持续偏涝。2003年3月—2004年2月全年属于典型的"南旱北涝"型分布。基于多尺度SPI进一步统计南方地区1951—2007年历史上严重的夏秋冬季连旱事件。结果表明1980s以前发生过3次,分别是1956、1967、1978年,每11 a出现一次;1980s以后仅2003年发生1次。而这4次连旱的强度却是一次高于一次。     

Subduction channel fluid-rock interaction:Indications from rutile-quartz veins within eclogite from the Yuka terrane,North Qaidam orogen

High-pressure(HP)or ultrahigh-pressure(UHP)rutile-quartz veins that form at mantle depths due to fluid-rock interaction can be used to trace the properties and behavior of natural fluids in subduction zones.To explore the fluid flow and the associated element mobility during deep subduction and exhumation of the continental crust,we investigated the major and trace elements of Ti-rich minerals.Additionally,U–Pb dating,trace element contents,and Lu–Hf isotopic composition of zircon grains in the UHP eclogite and associated rutile-quartz veins were examined in the North Qaidam UHP metamorphic belt,Yuka terrane.The zircon grains in the rutile-quartz veins have unzoned or weak oscillatory zonings,and show low Th/U ratios,steep chondrite-normalized patterns of heavy rare earth elements(HREEs),and insignificant negative Eu anomalies,indicating their growth in metamorphic fluids.These zircon grains formed in 431
3 Ma,which is consistent with the 432
2 Ma age of the host eclogite.As for the zircons in the rutile-quartz veins,they showed steep HREE patterns on one hand,and were different from the zircons present in the host eclogite on the other.This demonstrates that their formation might have been related to the breakdown of the early stage of garnet,which corresponds to the abundance of fluids during the early exhumation stage.The core-rim profile analyses of rutile recorded a two-stage rutile growth across a large rutile grain;the rutile core has higher Nb,Ta,W,and Zr contents and lower Nb/Ta ratios than the rim,indicating that the rutile domains grew in different metamorphic fluids from the core towards the rim.The significant enrichment of high field strength elements(HFSEs)in the rutile core suggests that the peak fluids have high solubility and transportation capacity of these HFSEs.Furthermore,variations in the Nb vs.Cr trends in rutile indicate a connection of rutile to mafic protolith.The zircon grains from both the rutile-quartz veins and the host eclogite have similar Hf isotopic compositions,indicating that the vein-forming fluids are internally derived from the host eclogite.These fluids accumulated in the subduction channel and were triggered by local dehydration of the deeply subducted eclogite during the early exhumation conditions.     

中国可持续发展问题与土地利用/覆被变化研究

土地利用 /覆被变化 (LUCC)研究 ,已成为全球环境变化和可持续发展领域前沿的核心问题。中国是世界上人多地少、生态与环境问题较为突出的发展中国家 ,目前中国可持续发展所面临的许多问题 ,都与土地利用及其变化有着内在的、必然的联系。因此 ,面向可持续发展战略的实施 ,开展土地利用 /覆被变化的系统研究 ,具有重要的科学价值与战略意义。本文重点对土地利用 /覆被变化与可持续发展重点问题的关系 ,以及面向可持续发展问题的LUCC研究目标、主要内容和技术方法等进行了讨论     

浙江省新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情时空分布特征

以浙江省新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎确诊案例数据库为基础,运用SPSS24.0进行数据挖掘和ArcGIS10.2进行空间分析,发现:①浙江省病例新增人数时间变化符合泛泊松分布函数,男女易感染率差异不大,典型症状为发热、咳嗽和肺部影像学病变。②病例感染率具有明显的空间聚集性,总体呈现为"一带四心"格局,"一带"为台-温沿海铁路带的县级地域单元,"四心"为宁波海曙区(11.02/10万),湖州秀洲区(4.29/10万),杭州上城区(4.06/10万)和江干区(4.80/10万),杭州桐庐县(5.78/10万)。③核密度集聚中心呈现北-南-北转移的态势,整体呈现"多核多心""主核固定,多心演化""单一主核,多心消退"和"疫情消退"4个阶段的空间演化特征。④浙江省的扩散率总体呈现先上升后下降态势,空间差异明显,风险管控视角分为5类地区。⑤根据疫情演化与传染特征,提出疫情4阶段治理策略,解决公共卫生问题的根本是推动生活圈建设,打造健康城市。     

黄河流域水资源利用与经济增长脱钩及影响因素分解

水资源是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的最大刚性约束,识别流域水资源利用变化驱动因素具有重要意义。首先从结构视角测度黄河流域水足迹变化,进而基于Tapio脱钩模型与Kaya-LMDI分解模型,解析水足迹与经济增长脱钩状态,并从技术效应、结构效应、规模效应、禀赋效应、城市化效应和人口效应识别水资源利用变化驱动因素。研究发现：(1)黄河流域水足迹总体呈现上升趋势,农业水足迹占比高达85%,用水结构与产业结构倒挂问题突出。(2)黄河流域上下游水资源量与水足迹空间分布不匹配,中下游面临更严重水资源约束。(3)水足迹与经济增长关系主要表现为弱脱钩,但2015—2019年各省区开始向强脱钩转变。(4)规模效应、城市化效应和人口效应对水足迹变化起拉动作用,技术效应、结构效应和禀赋效应对水足迹变化起抑制作用,但仍有提升潜力,各省区影响因素存在一定差异。为此,需要强化水资源利用技术研发与推广,推动农业集约式发展,提升农业用水效率,进一步优化产业结构和新型城镇化建设,缓解水资源约束困境,推动黄河流域经济高质量发展。     

Scenarios of land cover in Eurasia under climate change

The method for surface modelling of land cover scenarios(SMLCS) has been improved to simulate the scenarios of land cover in Eurasia. On the basis of the observation monthly climatic data observed from 2127 weather stations in Eurasia during 1981–2010, the climatic scenarios data of RCP26, RCP45 and RCP85 scenarios released by CMIP5, and the land cover current data of Eurasia in 2010, the land cover scenarios of Eurasia were respectively simulated. The results show that most land cover types would generally have similar changing trends in the future, but with some difference in different periods under the three scenarios of RCP26, RCP45 and RCP85. Deciduous needleleaf forest, mixed forest, shrub land, wetlands and snow and ice would generally decrease in Eurasia during 2010–2100. Snow and ice would have the fastest decreasing rate that would decrease by 37.42% on average. Shrub land would have the slowest decreasing rate that would decrease by 5.65% on average. Water bodies would have the fastest increasing rate that would increase by 28.78% on average. Barren or sparsely vegetated land would have the slowest increasing rate that would increase by 0.76%. Moreover, the simulated results show that climate change would directly impact on land cover change in Eurasia.     

反应谱对构造环境剪应力场的依赖性

在以前理论工作的基础上, 导出了构造环境剪应力值对反应谱的影响. 在美国知名学者Boore等建立的预测公式BJF94的基础上, 提出了新的预测公式CLB20. 在CLB20中引进了应力场量值tau;0对SA的影响项. BJF94主要是基于美国西部的强震观测资料作出的经验预测公式, 而SEA99是基于全球张性地区的强震观测资料作出的预测公式. 我们把两者的预测结果进行了全面的比较, 发现BJF94的预测值lg(Y) 减去0.16个对数单位后, 与SEA99的预测值十分接近. 这说明张性地区的 lg(Y) 较小; 地区性差异主要表现在构造环境剪应力场的差异上. 如果这个因素在预测公式中能得到适当体现, 同时预测公式中的震级标度都用全球统一的矩震级, 距离都使用多数人倾向使用的断层投影距, 那么预测公式的地区性差异将大大减轻, 以至最后消失, 有可能构造出全球适用的预测公式. 我们的抗震设计直接引用美国研究者发表的反应谱衰减结果（例如BJF94和SEA99）, 不会导致太大的误差.       

基于栅格尺度的双层融雪径流模型研究及应用

以新疆天山北坡军塘湖河流域作为研究区,基于物理机制构建双层分布式融雪径流模型,利用研究区数字高程模型(DEM)提取流域信息,运用GIS技术与遥感技术获取积雪、植被、土壤等与融雪径流模型有关的地表信息,并结合WRF中尺度数值预报模式作为该模型气象驱动数据,对研究区融雪期进行模拟,结果显示:2009、2010年峰值模拟期间,实测与模拟径流过程线拟合度高,QR合格率分别达87%、90.85%。该模型适用性较好,对融雪洪水预警具有一定的参考价值。