Recent climatic trends and linkages to river discharge in Central Vietnam

In this study, change in rainfall, temperature and river discharge are analysed over the last three decades in Central Vietnam. Trends and rainfall indices are evaluated using non‐parametric tests at different temporal levels. To overcome the sparse locally available network, the high resolution APHRODITE gridded dataset is used in addition to the existing rain gauges. Finally, existing linkages between discharge changes and trends in rainfall and temperature are explored. Results are indicative of an intensification of rainfall (+15%/decade), with more extreme and longer events. A significant increase in winter rainfall and a decrease in consecutive dry days provides strong evidence for a lengthening wet season in Central Vietnam. In addition, trends based on APHRODITE suggest a strong orographic signal in winter and annual trends. These results underline the local variability in the impacts of climatic change at the global scale. Consequently, it is important that change detection investigations are conducted at the local scale. A very weak signal is detected in the trend of minimum temperature (+0.2°C/decade). River discharge trends show an increase in mean discharge (31 to 35%/decade) over the last decades. Between 54 and 74% of this increase is explained by the increase in precipitation. The maximum discharge also responds significantly to precipitation changes leading to a lengthened wet season and an increase in extreme rainfall events. Such trends can be linked with a likely increase in floods in Central Vietnam, which is important for future adaptation planning and management and flood preparedness in the region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vacuum energy in cosmic dynamics

The analysis of the Th/U ratio in meteorites and the evolutionary ages of globular clusters favour values of the cosmic age of (19±5)×10⁹ yr. This evidence together with a Hubble parameterH ₀>70 km s^–1 Mpc^–1=(14×10⁹ yr)^–1 cannot be reconciled in a Friedmann model with =0. It requires a cosmological constant in the order of 10^–56 cm^–2, equivalent to a vacuum density _v =10^–29 g cm^–3 The Friedmann-Lemaître models (>0) with a hot big-bang have been calculated. They are based on a present value of the baryonic matter density of ₀=0.5×10^–30 g cm^–3 as derived from the primordial⁴He and²H abundances.For a Hubble parameter ofH ₀=75 km s^–1 Mpc^–1, our analysis favours a set of models which can be represented by a model with Euclidean metric (density parameter ₀=1.0, deceleration parameterq ₀=–0.93, aget ₀=19.7×10⁹ yr) and by a closed model with perpetual expansion (₀=1.072,q ₀=–1.0, aget ₀=21.4×10⁹ yr). A present density parameter close to one can indeed be expected if the conjecture of an exponential inflation of the very early universe is correct.The possible behaviour of the vacuum density is demonstrated with the help of Streeruwitz' formula in the context of the closed model with an inflationary phase at very early times.     

Neue hydrographische Untersuchungen mit „Anton Dohrn“ in der Island-See

Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchungen mit Anton Dohrn im April 1957 bestätigen in den wesentlichen Zügen das aus dem Material der Jahre 1929–1933 gewonnene Bild über die ozeanische Zirkulation im Seegebiet zwischen Island und Grönland.

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Recent hydrographic investigations made on board the Anton Dohrn in the Icelandic Sea (Denmark Strait)

Summary The investigations made on board the research ship Anton Dohrn in April 1957 essentially confirm the conception of the oceanic circulation in the sea area between Iceland and Greenland formed after the observational material obtained in 1929/33.

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Récentes recherches hydrographiques effectuées à bord de l' «Anton Dohrn» en mer d'Islande (Détroits de Danemark)

Résumé Les recherches, effectuées à bord du navire explorateur «Anton Dohrn», en avril 1957, vérifient essentiellement la conception, formée sur les données d'observation de 1929/33, de la circulation océanique dans les parages compris entre l'Islande et le Groenland.

     

Thermal characteristics of coal fires 2: Results of measurements on simulated coal fires

In this paper we present thermal characteristics of coal fires as measured during simulated fires under an experimental setting in Germany in July 2002. It is thus a continuation of the previously published paper “Thermal surface characteristics of coal fire 1: Results of in-situ measurement”, in which we presented temperature measurements of real subsurface coal fires in China [Zhang, J., Kuenzer, C., accepted for publication. Thermal Surface Characteristics of Coal Fires 1: Results of in-situ measurements. Accepted for publication at Journal of Applied Geophysics.]. The focus is on simulated coal fires, which are less complex in nature than fires under natural conditions. In the present study we simulated all the influences usually occurring under natural conditions in a controllable manner (uniform background material of known thermal properties, known ventilation pathways, homogeneous coal substrate), creating two artificial outdoor coal fires under simplified settings. One surface coal fire and one subsurface coal fire were observed over the course of 2 days. The set up of the fires allowed for measurements not always feasible under “real” in-situ conditions: thus compared to the in-situ investigations presented in paper one we could retrieve numerous temperature measurements inside of the fires. Single temperature measurements, diurnal profiles and airborne thermal surveying present the typical temperature patterns of a small surface-and a subsurface fire under undisturbed conditions (easily accessible terrain, 24 hour measurements period, homogeneous materials). We found that the outside air temperature does not influence the fire's surface temperature (up to 900 °C), while fire centre temperatures of up to 1200 °C strongly correlate with surface temperatures of the fire. The fires could heat their surrounding up to a distance of 4.5 m. However, thermal anomalies on the background surface only persist as long as the fire is burning and disappear very fast if the heat source is removed. Furthermore, heat outside of the fires is transported mainly by convection and not by radiation. In spatial thermal line scanner data the diurnal thermal patterns of the coal fire are clearly represented. Our experiments during that data collection also visualize the thermal anomaly differences between covered (underground) and uncovered (surface) coal fires. The latter could not be observed in-situ in a real coal fire area. Sub-surface coal fires express a much weaker signal than open surface fires and contrast only by few degrees against the background. In airborne thermal imaging scanner data the fires are also well represented. Here we could show that the mid-infrared domain (3.8 μm) is more suitable to pick up very hot anomalies, compared to the common thermal (8.8 μm) domain. Our results help to understand coal fires and their thermal patterns as well as the limitations occurring during their analysis. We believe that the results presented here can practicably help for the planning of coal fire thermal mapping campaigns — including remote sensing methods and the thermal data can be included into numerical coal fire modelling as initial or boundary conditions.     

The Validity of Dynamical Models of the Solar Atmosphere

Important results on the structure and dynamics of the nonmagnetic solar chromosphere are based on hydrodynamic models that oversimplify either the geometry of the atmosphere or the interaction of radiation and matter. Although the observed granulation pattern is well reproduced by the three-dimensional (3D) models, oversimplification of radiative relaxation leads to the prediction of temperature fluctuations that are too high (by a factor of 10 to 100) and result in a monotonic decrease with height in the chromosphere of the horizontally and temporally averaged temperature, and hence in the prediction of absorption lines at wavelengths where only emission lines are observed on the Sun. New values of solar abundances of oxygen and other metals are based on 3D hydrodynamic models with temporal and spatial fluctuations that are far greater than those observed. These new abundances destroy the previous agreement of observed modes with acoustic eigenmodes that had been predicted for the old abundances from a solar model for which the sound speed throughout most of the Sun was determined to an accuracy of a few parts in 10⁴. One expects that, when radiative relaxation is properly accounted for, 3D models will reproduce the essential characteristics of the solar atmosphere, among them a positive temperature gradient in the outward direction and hence exclusively emission lines in the extreme ultraviolet at all times and positions in the nonmagnetic chromosphere. A?minimum characteristic length of 0.1?arcsec is identified for the solar atmosphere, below which there is no significant structure in the actual Sun, only in wave models of the Sun. This criticism does not detract from the notable success of hydrodynamic modeling to explain the mechanism by which chromospheric H_2V and K_2V bright points are formed.     

Ein Modell zur alpidischen Evolution und Orogenese des Tauernfensters

Zusammenfassung Die drei großen der jüngst vonSchlager &Schöllnberger für die Nördlichen Kalkalpen herausgearbeiteten stratigraphischen Wenden, die jeweils eigene Entwicklungsstadien einleiten, lassen sich auch in den im Tauernfenster vorliegenden Serien des Mesozoikums feststellen.Die Adneter Wende, die zeitlich mit dem Aufreißen der kontinentalen Kruste und der Herausbildung der Bündner Schiefer-Geosynklinale zusammenfällt, die die europäische von der ostalpinen (austroalpinen) Platte trennt, ist für den betrachteten Raum das wichtigste Ereignis zwischen variszischer und alpidischer Gebirgsbildung.Die altalpidische Orogenese setzt in der mittleren Kreide ein und erreicht in der Oberkreide mit der Subduktion der europäischen Platte unter die Sedimente der Geosynklinalfüllung (Bündner Schiefer) sowie derselben unter die ostalpine (austroalpine) Platte ihren Höhepunkt. Der Zuschub der heute im Tauernfenster vorliegenden Serien war im Campan abgeschlossen. Ebenso ist die Deckengliederung in Venedigerdecke (Zentralgneis-Komplexe mit Sedimenthülle und höhere Teildecken), Glocknerdecke (vorwiegend aus Bündner Schiefern mit Ophiolithen bestehend) und Ostalpin bereits auf die kretazischen plattentektonischen Vorgänge zurückzuführen.Die alttertiäre Regionalmetamorphose hat während ihres Höhepunktes am Ende des Eozäns die heute im Tauernfenster aufgeschlossenen Serien bis in Tiefen von 15 km oder mehr versenkt. Die anschließende, durch weitere Einengung verursachte Aufwölbung der Tauernkuppel führt zum Einströmen heißen, tiefkrustalen sauren Materials in den Kern des Antiklinoriums und — in heute noch nicht angeschnittenem Niveau -zur Anatexis.Der Flysch der Ostalpen ist aus einem paläogeographisch nördlich der Zentralgneiszone beheimateten Gebiet abzuleiten.

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The Mesozoic series of the Tauern Window are characterized by three changes in the sedimentation conditions dividing the stratigraphic evolution in four periods.In Middle and Upper Cretaceous time, the European plate is subducted under the Austroalpine plate. In Campanian time, the series of the Tauern Window are wholly covered by the Austroalpine Nappe. Three great tectonic units can be distinguished: i. e., the Venediger Nappe (consisting of Zentralgneis and its cover as well as smaller nappes and schuppen), the Glockner Nappe (mainly consisting of the Bündner Schiefer with ophiolites), and the Austroalpine nappes.The Lower Tertiary regional metamorphism culminates at the end of the Eocene at which time the series of the Tauern Window are brought into depths of 15 km or more. The succeeding arching of the Tauern cupola by continuing compression causes influx of hot acid crustal material and anatexis in the core of the anticlinorium.The flysch of the Eastern Alps derives from a zone situated paleogeographically north of the Zentralgneis zone.

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Résumé Les séries secondaires de la fenêtre des Hohe Tauern sont caractérisées par trois changements dans les conditions de la sédimentation divisant ainsi l'évolution stratigraphique en quatre périodes. Pendant le Crétacé moyen et supérieur la plaque Européenne est subductée sous les Schistes lustrés de la fosse eugéosynclinale qui, de son côté, est subductée sous la plaque Austroalpine. La formation des grandes unités tectoniques s'est achevée pendant le Crétacé supérieur, c'est-à-dire la Nappe de Venediger (constituée par le Zentralgneis et sa couverture aussi que des nappes et des écailles particulières), la Nappe du Glockner (surtout constituée par des Schistes lustrés avec des ophiolites), et les nappes Austroalpines.Le métamorphisme tertiaire culmine à la fin de l'Eocène, au terme duquel les séries de la fenêtre des Hohe Tauern sont enfouies à un profondeur de 15 km ou plus. La formation de la voûte des Hohe Tauern commence immédiatement après par rétrécissement continuel, provoquant l'admission de materiel chaud de la croûte acide et l'anatéxie dans l'intérieur de l'anticlinorium.Le flysch des Alpes orientales dérive d'une zone située paléogéographiquement au nord de la zone du Zentralgneis.

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IV. Stratigraphie Die fazielle Einstufung fossilführender Sedimente

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

21 ka以来帝汶海区钻孔堆叠记录的古海洋学意义

印尼穿越流是连接西太平洋和印度洋的唯一载体,与东亚季风和ENSO活动密切相关。帝汶海区是印尼穿越流的主要出口之一,该区不同钻孔末次冰期以来的古海洋学记录显示在长时间尺度上变化存在着很高的相似性。为了捕捉出口处印尼穿越流的平均信号,本研究将这些记录进行堆叠,并与其他海区的钻孔记录进行对比,探讨印尼穿越流对东亚季风和ENSO活动的响应。总体上,堆叠记录较为精准地复制了各个钻孔记录的信息。帝汶海区表层海水温度堆叠记录与其他海区钻孔记录对比显示末次冰期至12~6 ka期间帝汶海可能位于暖池范围内,而晚全新世时位于暖池的边缘;温跃层深度、海水温度和盐度堆叠记录揭示自末次冰期以来印尼穿越流温跃层流呈现逐渐强化的趋势。结合现代水文资料和堆叠记录与其他古海洋古气候记录的对比等,本文推测了不同时期ENSO的冷暖期状态以及东亚季风对印尼穿越流的影响方式和过程。