Bursts of Explosive Events in the Solar Network

Observations of the quiet-Sun network in the UV emission line Siiv 1393 Å over a time period of two hours are presented. Bursts of explosive events, highly Doppler-shifted emission, seem to be sporadically emitted from the brighter regions of the network lanes. Individual events have typical lifetimes of ≈ 1–6 min and come in bursts of up to 30 min. The most spectacular burst in this dataset, shown in the accompanying movie, lasts ≈ 30 min and shows a wide variety of line profiles with both red and blue shifts ≈180 km s¹. There appears to be no characteristic form or evolutionary pattern to the line profiles in either the individual events or series of events. There are about twice as many blue shifts as red shifts.     

Sunspot Plumes and Flow Channels

It is well known that sunspots are dark. This statement is not correct in the sunspot atmosphere between the chromosphere and the corona, where sunspots often are brighter than their surroundings. The brightest feature in the sunspot transition region is called a sunspot plume. Not all sunspots contain a plume. We find that 20 out of 21 sunspots show a plume when one magnetic polarity dominates the sunspot region out to a distance of 50 from the sunspot. Most sunspots show downflows that exceed 25 km s^–1 in the sunspot plumes at temperatures close to 250000 K. This downflow is not maintained by inflow from the corona, but by gas at transition region temperatures, streaming in flow channels from locations well outside the sunspot. We suggest that this inflow is a necessary requirement for the sunspot plume to occur and present a working hypothesis for the origin of sunspot plumes. This paper is the first thorough spectral analysis of sunspot plumes. It is based on simultaneous observations of ten or six EUV emission lines in 42 sunspot regions with the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer – CDS on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory – SOHO. The line profiles are studied in detail with another SOHO instrument, the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation – SUMER.     

Crystal size distribution in Jurassic Ferrar flows and sills (Victoria Land,Antarctica): evidence for processes of cooling,nucleation, and crystallisation

 Jurassic Ferrar rocks in Victoria Land (Antarctica) occur predominantly as basaltic or andesitic flows and sills. Both show characteristic petrographical and chemical variations, which can be related to in-situ differentiation processes. Such characteristics have been investigated at one flow (“Colonnade flow”) and one sill (“Thumb Point sill”) in the Prince Albert Mountains (Central Victoria Land) based on a statistical grain size analysis and the application of the crystal size distribution theory. A third magma body (“HiTi-unit”), which in previous literature was described as a flow, does not show clear similarities to either the flow or sill. Sill and flow are in-situ differentiated with accumulation of silicic residual melt in the latest cooled parts. For the flow this part is located in the lower half and for the sill in the upper third of their thickness. Thumb Point sill additionally shows an accumulation zone of olivine in the lower third. The position of the residual melt accumulation zone is an indicator for an origin as flow or sill. The HiTi-unit, by contrast, exhibits, only moderate petrographical and chemical variations. Growth and nucleation rates have been determined using, with some modifications, the CSD theory introduced by Marsh (1988). Growth rates of plagioclase for the flow vary from 10⁻¹¹ to 10⁻¹⁰ cm/s and are comparable with literature values for basaltic lava lakes on Hawaii. Nucleation rates vary from 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻³ cm⁻³s⁻¹, which are generally smaller than for Hawaiian basalts. Growth and nucleation rates for the sill cover a large range from 10⁻¹³ to 10⁻¹¹ cm/s and 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻³ cm⁻³s⁻¹, respectively. Systematic variations of these parameters with vertical position were obtained for the sill with its extensive differentiation history. Nucleation and growth rates are dependant on the mode of cooling. Nevertheless, small but significant differences between the flow and sill exist. Growth and nucleation rates of HiTi-unit (10⁻¹² to 10⁻¹¹ cm/s and 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁵ cm⁻³s⁻¹) are intermediate between the flow and sill and thus do not allow a distinction of emplacement mode. Received: 6 December 1995 / Accepted: 3 May 1996     

Formenkreise der italienischen,jugoslawischen und adriatischen Forellen,zugleich ein Beitrag über den Wert einiger meristischer Merkmale für Art- und Rasseanalysen

Ohne Zusammenfassung Prof. Dr. Curt Kosswig zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet     

Die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über nichttektonische Verformung der Sedimente

Atectonic deformations of all scales are discussed and their knowledge is historically analyzed.     

Geophysikalische Beiträge zur Erforschung des Tieferen Untergrundes des Rheinischen Gebirges

Zusammenfassung Magnetische Messungen zeigen im Bereich des Siegerländer Gewölbes und seiner SSW-lichen Verlängerung eine geringe Erniedrigung der Störungswerte gegenüber den Randgebieten. Diese magnetische Depression kann unter grö\eren Vorbehalten als Auswirkung sauerer Intrusionen gedeutet werden.Refraktionsseismische Untersuchungen erbrachten im Siegerland den Nachweis eines seismischen Horizontes mit hoher Geschwindigkeit unter dem devonischen Deckgebirge. Die wahre Geschwindigkeit der seismischen Welle in diesem Tiefenhorizont beträgt nach neueren Beobachtungen wahrscheinlich etwa 6,18 km/sec. Sie kann granitischem Material zugeordnet werden, das im Bereich des Siegen-Wieder-Sattels seine Höchstlage (etwa 1,5 km u. F.) aufweist und an seinen Flanken bis zu 4 km Tiefe hinabreicht. Bei dieser Deutung würden die magnetischen und seismischen Ergebnisse sich gegenseitig nicht ausschlie\en.Gravimetrische Messungen stellten über dem Siegerländer Gewölbe eine variszisch streichende positive Anomalie von etwa 4 mgl fest, deren geologische Deutung unsicher ist. Die Anomalie kann sowohl durch einen in der Tiefe lagernden Intrusivkörper als auch durch eine Höherlage des Basements und durch die bekannte Sedimenttektonik des Gebietes hervorgerufen sein.Nach einem Vortrag auf der Tagung der Geologischen Vereinigung am 11. März 1956 in Göttingen.     

Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Tiefseesande im westlichen Teil des äquatorialen Atlantiks

Zusammenfassung Es wurden in vorliegender Arbeit die Ergebnisse der sedimentpetrographischen Untersuchung von 5 Albatross -Lotkernen dargestellt, die aus dem westlichen äquatorialen Atlantik stammen und in denen zahlreiche Sandschichten auftreten. Die mineralogische Zusammensetzung des Sedimentmaterials ist allein von seiner kornmäßigen Zusammensetzung abhängig. Gleiche Korngrößenfraktionen sind gleich zusammengesetzt. Der Schwermineralgehalt der untersuchten Proben war ebenfalls qualitativ und quantitativ derselbe. Die Proben aus der Amazonasmündung enthielten eine andere Schwermineralverteilung.In den drei am meisten südöstlich gelegenen Lotkernen tritt je eine Schicht auf, die aus sehr gleichförmigem roten Ton-Blauschlick besteht, der von einer foraminiferenreichen Sandschicht unterlagert wird. In dieser Sandschicht wiesPhleger benthonische Flachwasserforaminiferen nach. Es wird angenommen, daß es sich in allen drei Lotkernen um dieselbe Schicht handelt. Aus der Mächhtigkeitsänderung der Tonschicht und der Änderung der Korngröße des darunterlagernden Sandes wird geschlossen, daß Sand und Ton durch Suspensionsströme transportiert wurden. Als Herkunftsgebiet des Sandmaterials wird der südamerikanische Kontinent angenommen.Herrn Professor Dr.Carl W. Correns zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Melting and subsolidus reactions in the system K2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O

Beginning of melting and subsolidus relationships in the system K₂O-CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O have been experimentally investigated at pressures up to 20 kbars. The equilibria discussed involve the phases anorthite, sanidine, zoisite, muscovite, quartz, kyanite, gas, and melt and two invariant points: Point [Ky] with the phases An, Or, Zo, Ms, Qz, Vapor, and Melt; point [Or] with An, Zo, Ms, Ky, Qz, Vapor, and Melt.The invariant point [Ky] at 675° C and 8.7 kbars marks the lowest solidus temperature of the system investigated. At pressures above this point the hydrated phases zoisite and muscovite are liquidus phases and the solidus temperatures increase with increasing pressure. At 20 kbars beginning of melting occurs at 740 °C. The solidus temperatures of the quinary system K₂O-CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O are almost 60° C (at 20 kbars) and 170° C (at 2kbars) below those of the limiting quaternary system CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O.The maximum water pressure at which anorthite is stable is lowered from 14 to 8.7 kbars in the presence of sanidine. The stability limits of anorthite+ vapor and anorthite+sanidine+vapor at temperatures below 700° C are almost parallel and do not intersect. In the wide temperature — pressure range at pressures above the reaction An+Or+Vapor = Zo+Ms+Qz and temperatures below the melting curve of Zo+Ms+Ky+Qz+Vapor, the feldspar assemblage anorthite+sanidine is replaced by the hydrated phases zoisite and muscovite plus quartz. CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-H₂O. Knowledge of the melting relationships involving the minerals zoisite and muscovite contributes to our understanding of the melting processes occuring in the deeper parts of the crust. Beginning of melting in granites and granodiorites depends on the composition of plagioclase. The solidus temperatures of all granites and granodiorites containing plagioclases of intermediate composition are higher than those of the Ca-free alkali feldspar granite system and below those of the Na-free system discussed in this paper.The investigated system also provides information about the width of the P-T field in which zoisite can be stable together with an Al₂SiO₅ polymorph plus quartz and in which zoisite plus muscovite and quartz can be formed at the expense of anorthite and potassium feldspar. Addition of sodium will shift the boundaries of these fields to higher pressures (at given temperatures), because the pressure stability of albite is almost 10kbars above that of anorthite. Assemblages with zoisite+muscovite or zoisite+kyanite are often considered to be products of secondary or retrograde reactions. The P-T range in which hydration of granitic compositions may occur in nature is of special interest. The present paper documents the highest temperatures at which this hydration can occur in the earth's crust.     

1980 volcanic eruption reported on Marion Island

The first volcanic eruption in the recorded history of Marion Island (46°54′S, 37°45′E) occurred between February and October 1980 at a locality on the west coast. It was a minor event that passed unnoticed at the meteorological station 20 km distant. The discovery was made on November 4, by five expedition members who walked around the island. When examined in more detail on November 25, the lava was still warm in places and numerous fumaroles existed. Three blocky flows emanated from two adjacent cinder cones built-up on a pre-existing phreatomagmatic tuff cone known as Kaalkoppie. The largest flow covers an area of about seven hectares and a further two hectares have been inundated by ash. Another flow poured seawards to form a new beach front, blocking access to what was previously the largest elephant seal wallowing ground on the island. No earth tremors were felt and the activity seems to have ended for the time being.