川藏铁路交通廊道地质调查工程主要进展与成果

川藏铁路是我国正在规划建设的重点工程,由于其位于地形地貌和地质构造都极为复杂的青藏高原东部,在铁路规划建设中面临一系列迫切需要解决的关键地质问题: 区域性活动断裂与断错影响、地质灾害、高地应力及其引起的岩爆和大变形、高温热害、断裂带高压水与涌水突泥、高陡边坡稳定性等。为满足技术支撑川藏铁路规划建设、精准服务国家重大战略实施的需要,中国地质调查局部署了“川藏铁路交通廊道地质调查工程”,聚焦制约川藏铁路规划建设的关键问题,充分发挥地质调查工作对国家重大工程规划建设的支撑作用。2019年主要完成铁路沿线1:5万区域地质调查1 350 km²、1:5万地质灾害调查5 000 km²,建设6口大地热流地质参数井、8个地温监测站,完成地应力测量20孔,编制完成11份地质调查专报,提出的大渡河大桥段、理塘车站段、毛垭坝盆地段等线路优化建议/防灾建议被采纳; 首次将1:5 000大比例尺航空物探技术引入复杂山地铁路工程勘察,创新形成千米级超长水平钻孔定向取心钻进技术,实现500 m深的水平孔地应力测量突破等。该工程通过2019年调查研究,全力提升了铁路沿线地质调查程度与精度,并创新了复杂艰险山区重大工程地质问题与探测技术、地质灾害风险防控理论与减灾关键技术,有效支撑服务了川藏铁路规划建设。     

Main progress and prospect for China's hydrogeological survey

This paper reviewed the main achievements of hydrogeological survey in China, summarized the significant progress of hydrogeological survey over the past decade, and forecasted the key responsibilities for hydrogeological survey in the p14th Five-year Planq. The significant progress includes: China established the 1: 50 000 standard hydrogeological survey system with Chinese characteristics and produced the new generation of high-quality hydrogeological maps; the national groundwater monitoring project was completed and accepted, which marks China taking the leading position in groundwater monitoring internationally; fruitful results were achieved in the national groundwater quality survey, and groundwater quality background values were basically identified and checked; hydrogeological and environmental geological survey was continuously promoted in karst areas and the ecological restoration of rocky desertification achieved remarkable results; China strengthened layer exploration techniques for groundwater, integrating the key and practical techniques of layer exploration and monitoring; the exploration of groundwater in the poverty-stricken regions and old revolutionary base areas were effectively promoted to strongly guarantee the poverty alleviation and drinking water safety; the mystery of desert groundwater was uncovered, making up for the shortage of 1: 250 000 hydrogeological survey in the Badain Jaran Desert; and more efforts were made to conduct survey on the water resources in the basin, and to finish the unified measurement of national-scale groundwater level.     

Groundwater contaminant source identification based on iterative local update ensemble smoother

Identification of the location and intensity of groundwater pollution source contributes to the effect of pollution remediation, and is called groundwater contaminant source identifcation. This is a kind of typical groundwater inverse problem, and the solution is usually ill-posed. Especially considering the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity field, the identification process is more challenging. In this paper, the solution framework of groundwater contaminant source identification is composed with groundwater pollutant transport model (MT3DMS) and a data assimilation method (Iterative local update ensemble smoother, ILUES). In addition, Karhunen-Loève expansion technique is adopted as a PCA method to realize dimension reduction. In practical problems, the geostatistical method is usually used to characterize the hydraulic conductivity feld, and only the contaminant source information is inversely calculated in the identifcation process. In this study, the identification of contaminant source information under Kriging K-field is compared with simultaneous identification of source information and K-field. The results indicate that it is necessary to carry out simultaneous identification under heterogeneous site, and ILUES has good performance in solving high-dimensional parameter inversion problems.     

“十三五”国家重点研发计划“蓝色粮仓科技创新”重点专项科技布局及评述

本文旨在介绍和评估国家重点研发计划“蓝色粮仓科技创新”重点专项在渔业领域科技创新方面的实施情况,并展望我国渔业发展的未来趋势。通过对重点专项的任务布局、项目经费概况、项目分布情况、承担与参与单位(人员)情况进行详细梳理和分析,概括和评述专项实施特点和项目成效。分析显示,该专项具有系统性布局、重点领域突破、产业链协同创新、产业环节差异性布局等特点。在种质创制、健康养殖、资源养护、友好捕捞、流通加工等五大产业需求上取得了系列重要成果,显著提高了我国渔业科技创新水平。基于“蓝色粮仓科技创新”重点专项的实施成效,我国渔业科技创新在“十四五”期间及以后将更加注重拓展水产养殖新空间,发展生态健康养殖模式和智慧渔业,提高养殖设施和装备水平,提升加工综合水平,加快冷链物流建设,高标准建设现代化海洋牧场等领域。这将有助于进一步优化优质蛋白食品产业结构,合理开发和综合利用淡水和海洋资源,推动我国渔业持续健康发展。     

新疆东天山觉罗塔格带中康古尔金矿床成因的再认识

东天山觉罗塔格构造带中康古尔金矿因其独特的成矿地质特征,成因一直备受争议。文章立足于康古尔金矿地质特征,结合前人的研究资料,通过探讨觉罗塔格带的构造演化,重新审视康古尔金矿的成因。笔者总结了觉罗塔格构造带晚古生代地层时代及火山-沉积建造特征,认为晚古生代早期大洋板块向北俯冲,发育奥陶纪-泥盆纪弧火山岩及火山-沉积岩系,石炭纪康古尔洋发生双向洋-陆俯冲,在两侧形成对称岛弧带,局部平稳拉张环境为铜-铅-锌-金成矿的有利环境。野外地质观察及室内研究结果表明其成因不仅仅与韧性剪切作用有关。康古尔金矿体位于海相安山岩、凝灰岩的交替部位,上部富金-中部铅锌-下部富铜的金属分带特征,与VMS矿床特征一致。矿体呈板状且与围岩截然接触,明显受挤压变形的网脉状矿化表明矿体形成早于韧性剪切作用。矿床地球化学特征表明,康古尔金矿成矿作用具有多期多阶段性。通过详细对比康古尔金矿和造山型金矿、小热泉子VMS铜矿的特征,笔者认为康古尔金矿具有原生VMS矿床的特征,并且被二叠纪韧性变形所改造,为喷流沉积-变质热液改造型富金多金属矿床。     

河北省崇礼幅1∶50 000矿产地质图数据库

根据《固体矿产地质调查技术要求(1∶50 000)》(DD 2019-02)和行业其他规范要求,完成河北省崇礼幅1∶50 000专项地质填图379.93 km²、矿点检查11处,采集水系沉积物样品1622件、重力测量物理点1623个,测试锆石U-Pb年龄样3组、流体包裹体样80余件,系统编制了河北省崇礼幅1∶50 000矿产地质图,并建立了数据库。突出了对燕山期岩浆岩和相关脉岩、碱性杂岩体和谷嘴子岩组、矿化蚀变等相关成矿信息的表达,厘定了崇礼幅中太古代、新太古代的变质深成侵入体,划分了海西期、印支期、燕山期的岩浆岩建造类型,划分了张家口组火山岩的7个建造类型、谷嘴子岩组变质岩的3个建造类型,系统总结了该区金矿的成矿地质体、成矿构造及成矿结构面、成矿作用特征标志。该数据库为该区金矿的找矿工作提供了基础数据支撑,对金矿目标层地质信息和构造建造信息的提取提供了便利条件,对今后矿产勘查部署具有一定的参考价值。     

内蒙古得尔布干成矿带铅锌银矿两期叠加成矿的矿物学证据--以乌尔根矿为例

内蒙古额尔古纳市乌尔根铅锌银矿是得尔布干成矿带上具有代表性的浅成中低温热液型铅锌银矿之一。显微镜下观察、电子探针分析结果等矿物学证据证明,该矿床存在2期成矿作用。其中早期火山热液形成的金属硫化物普遍受应力作用的改造,并广泛被晚期形成的矿物交代,典型矿物是不含乳滴状黄铜矿的闪锌矿,具有高含量Fe、Mn和低含量Cu的特征;晚期次火山(隐爆角砾岩)热液形成的金属硫化物占大多数,常交代早期形成的矿物并与其交生在一起,典型矿物是含固溶体乳滴黄铜矿的闪锌矿,并且具有中等含量Fe、Mn和高含量Cu的特征。在次火山热液期的晚阶段残余热液还形成了较为纯净的呈棕黄色-无色透明的纯净闪锌矿,具有高含量Zn,低含量Fe、Mn、Cu的特征。结合前人测定的研究区火山岩和矿石矿物定年结果以及火山岩主量元素组成数据,推测早期火山热液成矿与中基性塔木兰沟组火山岩关系密切,而晚期次火山(隐爆角砾岩)热液属于满克头鄂博组的(中)酸性岩浆热液的产物。隐爆角砾岩热液富含Cu元素且为成矿提供了主要物质来源,是研究区寻找除铅锌之外其他矿种的重要线索。     

贵州印江窑上奥陶系湄潭组含锰矿层发现及其地质意义

近期在开展1∶5万大坝场幅区域地质调查工作中,在印江窑上奥陶系湄潭组中发现了锰矿层。目前国内已有公开报道的奥陶系锰矿仅见于湖南桃江、益阳、安化、宁乡等地。综合分析后,认为该锰矿可与"桃江式"锰矿对比。鉴于黔东北湄潭组地层分布广泛,具有一定科学和找矿意义。     

Granite is an Effective Helium Source Rock: Insights from the Helium Generation and Release Characteristics in Granites from the North Qinling Orogen,China

Global helium(He) shortage is a challenging problem; however, the types of helium source rock and the mechanisms of He generation and release therein remain still poorly understood. In this study, in order to evaluate the potential of granite as an effective helium source rock, we collected granitic samples from the North Qinling Orogen, Central China, in the south of the helium-rich Weihe Basin. The helium generation and release behaviors in granite were studied through analysis of U and Th concentrations, EMPA images, and He and Ar concentrations and isotopic ratios extracted by crushing and stepwise heating. The results indicate that Ar has a better retention and a lower mobility than He. 3 He/4 He ratios released by crushing and stepwise heating are 0.016–0.056 RA and 0.003–0.572 RA, respectively, where RA is the atmospheric 3 He/4 He of 1.4×10-6, reflecting a crustal and radiogenic source. Helium concentrations extracted by the two ways are 0.13–0.95 ucm3 STP/g and 7.82–115.62 ucm3 STP/g, respectively, suggesting that matrix-sited He accounts for more than 98% of total helium preserved in granite. In addition, the total generated He amounts in granites are calculated based on the measured U and Th concentrations in granitic samples. Dividing the preserved He quantities by the generated He amounts, it turned out that less than 10% of He produced since the formation of the granite is preserved in the rock over geological time, suggesting that more than 90% generated He can be transferred to the Weihe Basin. Temperature and fracture are the two critical factors controlling He release. Based on the relationship between He diffusivity of granites and temperature and the He closure temperatures of a variety of U-and Th-rich minerals(27–250°C), we estimate that He can be partially released out of granite at the depths 400 m and totally released at the depths 7800 m. Fractures provide effective transfer of free He from deep source rocks to shallow reservoirs. Finally, a model on granite as an effective helium source rock is established. We suggest exploring He resources in hydrocarbon basins with granitic basement(or adjacent to granite bodies), high geothermal field, and young active fractures.     

中国古代牧业社会骨制品的初步考察:以新疆巴里坤石人子沟遗址为例

考古遗址出土骨制品的研究对于揭示古代社会的动物资源获取和利用、手工业生产、社会组织结构等问题具有重要意义.国内骨制品研究目前多集中在农业区域,这些研究为探讨新石器时代至青铜时代的动物使用及其与社会发展、早期国家形成的关系等问题作出了重要贡献.然而,针对牧业社会骨制品的考察十分缺乏.新疆哈密地区巴里坤草原分布有大量古代牧业文化遗址,石人子沟遗址(43°31′12.8″~43°34′28.9″N,93°13′44.8″~93°16′49.1″E)是其中一处青铜时代晚期至铁器时代早期的大型聚落.本文从动物考古学视角研究该遗址2006年至2011年发掘出土的426件骨制品.结果显示,石人子沟遗址骨制品的原料主要为以羊(Ovis aries/Capra hircus)、马(Equus caballus)为主的家养动物和以鹿(Cervidae)为主的野生动物,其中羊的比例最高(69.7%),鹿(13.8%)、马(2.3%)次之,这与中原地区青铜时代农业文化遗址的骨制品多以牛为原料的情况明显不同.羊在骨制品原料中占绝对多数且大量使用羊距骨制品的现象是对石人子沟遗址以牧业为主的生业经济方式的直接反映.石人子沟遗址不同类型骨制品的制作各具特点,但整体表现出"省时省力"的特点,即对使用部位细致打磨,对非使用部位仅做简单处理.与中原地区商周时期大型制骨作坊规范化、规模化、产业化的骨器生产不同,石人子沟遗址未见专门的制骨场所,骨制品生产的操作链条也并不完整.遗址的骨制品生产可能是以家庭为单元进行的,产品的专业化、精细化程度也相对较低.该研究填补了我国古代牧业文化遗址出土骨制品动物考古学专门研究的空白,为进一步探究我国古代不同区域、不同生业经济基础下的制骨手工业面貌提供了重要资料.