Extraction of basic trends of urban expansion in China over past 40 years from satellite images

If urban sprawl is to be avoided in China in the next ten years, it is not only crucial to understand the overall history, current status, and future trends of urban expansion there, but also these differences, and this is presently lacking. In this study, remotely sensed images with approximately 30 m spatial resolution were used to quantitatively assess the spatial and temporal patterns of urban expansion of 60 Chinese cities(1973–2013). Urban-expansion-process curves of the cities studied were drawn using annual expansion area as an indicator. Curve similarity analysis generated four basic process modes of urban expansion in China. These included cities that: 1) peaked around 2004 and then decelerated; 2) peaked around 2010 and then decelerated; 3) showed sustained acceleration, and 4) showed continued deceleration. Four basic process modes represented cities under different levels of development stage. Geographic location was found to be the most related characteristic to urban expansion process. Regional development policies at the national level in each region also showed highly temporal consistency with fluctuation characteristics of urban expansion process. Urban characteristic such as population size and administrative level were not found to be significantly related to urban expansion-process modes. Understanding the basic process-mode categories well is extremely important for future regional-balance planning and development of macroeconomic policies.     

地震灾害情景下产业空间网络风险评估——以日本丰田汽车为例

以日本东南海地震为情景,以日本丰田汽车及其关联企业为例,基于工厂个体数据及其部件供应的拓扑和空间网络,模拟灾害风险在产业网络中扩散转移过程,建立直接损失与间接功能损失的评估模型,为产业空间网络风险评估提供新的思路和方法借鉴。结果表明：在东南海地震情景下,丰田汽车约48.1%的工厂将直接受损,其中生产设施损失约5587亿日元,厂房建筑损失约1980亿日元。由于关键工厂受损,将间接导致整个产业网络中断。在最长37日恢复情景下,将造成约9230亿日元的间接功能损失。地震灾害对丰田汽车产业网络影响显著,有必要采取有效措施进行减灾降险。     

柴达木盆地西部中生界原型盆地恢复

勘探实践表明,对柴达木盆地西部中生界原型盆地认识不够,是导致该区侏罗系油气勘探难以取得重大突破的主要原因。以古流分析为主要手段,结合地表露头及地震解释资料研究认为,中生界在古阿拉巴斯套山与古昆仑山间发育一个大的近EW向展布的内陆山间坳陷（古泛茫崖坳陷）。坳陷演化可分为早—中侏罗世和晚侏罗世—白垩纪两个阶段,分别对应发育了伸展断陷和挤压坳陷两种原型盆地类型。早、中侏罗世,阿尔金山尚未隆升,为主要沉积区。沉积环境比较动荡,沉积物以暗色含煤建造为主。沉积中心在现今的阿尔金山区,坳陷西北部边界越过阿尔金山区与塔东南地区相通;东北部边界位于阿拉巴斯套山前;南部边界在煤沟—采石岭—黑石山—月牙山一线。晚侏罗世—白垩纪,阿尔金山快速隆升为物源区,开始分割塔东南和柴达木盆地西部沉积。坳陷沉积物以干旱气候下的红色粗碎屑岩建造为主,沉积、沉降中心由阿尔金山区向盆地内部发生迁移,南部边界已迁移至阿拉尔—红柳泉—红沟子—月3井一带。该研究对柴达木盆地资源潜力评价及勘探部署具有重要意义。     

Effects of Environmental Cadmium on Cadmium Accumulation,Oxidative Response,and Microelements Regulation in the Liver and Kidney of Hexagrammos otakii

The effects of cadmium(Cd)on metal accumulation,microelements contents,and antioxidant responses in Hexagram-mos otakii were studied.The fish were exposed to 0.2,2.5,or 10μg L?1 Cd for 12 or 24 days.Then,the concentration of Cd and mi-croelements(Ca,Fe,Zn,and Se)were determined in the liver and kidney.Moreover,the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and glutathione-S-transferase(GST),and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)in the liver and kidney were also measured.A continuous accumulation of Cd was observed throughout the experimental period.Cd accumulation was higher in liver than that in the kidney,while Ca and Fe contents were lower in liver than those in the kidney.Cd exposure resulted in a decrease of Ca and Fe concentrations in the kidney,while there was no effect on the liver.Zn and Se remained unaffected with exposure to Cd.Cd exposure induced severe oxidative stress in H.otakii,as indicated by significant induction of the activities of SOD,CAT,and GST,and a simultaneous increase of MDA content.These data show that antioxidant enzymes and mi-croelements contents can be used as potential biomarkers to monitor environmental health in fish.     

不同方法提取马氏珠母贝外套膜胶原蛋白理化性质比较

【目的】系统分析不同方法提取的马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii)外套膜胶原蛋白的理化性质及生物学功能。【方法】分别采用酸-酶法和热水法从外套膜中提取得到两种胶原蛋白(A-PSC(Pm)和HSC(Pm)),对其氨基酸组成、微观结构及热变性温度等理化特性进行比较分析。【结果】HSC(Pm)提取率高于A-PSC(Pm);HSC(Pm)中,Gly、Glu与Arg相对含量较高,分别为20.16%、17.57%和10.07%;而A-PSC(Pm)中,Glu、Asp与Arg相对含量为19.67%、11.63%和10.07%;紫外光谱和红外光谱分别显示,两种胶原蛋白均在220 nm左右有强吸收峰,且具有典型的胶原蛋白特征带(酰胺A、B、Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ带);扫描电镜结果显示,A-PSC(Pm)呈致密多孔网状结构,HSC(Pm)则基本为薄片状;DSC分析结果表明,HSC(Pm)具有更好的热稳定性。【结论】酸-酶法及热水法提取的胶原蛋白均具有类V型胶原蛋白特性,其结构特征及其理化性质均存在差异,可根据需求选择特定的胶原蛋白提取方法用以开发不同类型的产品。     

济南历城巨野河冲洪积扇雨洪水储存调蓄研究

济南市山前分布着南大沙河、北大沙河、玉符河、巨野河、巴漏河等系列山前冲洪积扇,本文以巨野河冲洪积扇为例,通过物探、钻探、抽水试验、回灌试验所取得的数据,了解济南一系列山前冲洪积扇雨洪水储存调蓄条件,查明了冲洪积扇面积、砂层厚度、储水系数,查明影响储存调蓄能力的影响因素,计算储存调蓄量。结果表明：巨野河冲洪积扇含水砂层颗粒从扇顶的粗砂、卵砾石向扇缘粗砂、中细砂过渡,厚度从扇顶向扇缘逐渐变厚,冲洪积扇具有较大的储存调蓄空间,较强的回灌储水条件,良好的供水条件。研究结果对济南系列山前冲洪积扇在海绵城市建设中用于调节城市弃流的雨洪水资源具有重要的指导意义。     

贵县式铝土矿化与桂中新生代岩溶演化关系的认识

贵县式铝土矿广泛分布于桂中岩溶区。本文通过宾阳矿区的成因研究,初步揭示出铝土矿与上古生界碳酸盐岩上的上白垩统红层及新生代地洼余动期岩溶演化的关系,认为铝土矿是红层在岩溶、气候、构造等条件下进行红土化,搬运沉积和次生红土化的结果。基于这种认识,提出了华南寻找三水铝土矿方向的新路子。      

无线电波透视法探测岩溶洞穴的地质效果

应用无线电波透视法,对我国十多个大中型水利水电坝址的深部岩溶洞穴发育情况进行了探测和研究,先后圈定了许多岩溶洞穴异常和异常地段,为地质上选择坝线和工程上进行防渗处理提供了资料。其中有乌江渡水电站等坝址的透视成果已得到了验证,取得了较好的地质效果。文中着重介绍了一些应用实例。实践证明:透视法较之地面电法有不可比拟的一些优点,它是目前探测深部岩溶洞穴的最好的物探方法.在多年的实践中,也发现了该法在应用中存在着几个主要问题,影响了它在岩溶洞穴探测中的地质效果。      

华南古岩溶型铀矿床矿物学及其矿床成因意义

华南古岩溶铀矿床的矿物学特征为:表生矿物发育,原生成矿矿物少见;矿化脉体几乎没有;矿石中铀主要呈吸附状态,其次呈显微和超显微沥青铀矿存在。与古岩溶有关铀矿床则出现典型低中温热液矿物组合,矿化脉体期次分明,矿石中铀基本呈可见状沥青矿存在,沥青铀矿具有热液成因标型。鉴于该类矿床成矿前主岩溶为冷水成因,而热液成矿流体是与岩溶无关的体系,故属古岩溶热液叠造成矿