Evidence for vertical ozone redistribution since 1967

Long-term measurements of the ozone concentration in the vicinity of the city of Berlin have been performed with ground based Dobson spectrophotometers and balloon borne systems. The respective experiments cover the past 24 years. All data have been reevaluated and corrected towards uniform calibration standards, leading to the longest European data set of total column density, altitude-dependent ozone partial pressures and the corresponding temperatures. Smoothing algorithms unravel significant long-term trends.The analysis shows an increase of ozone concentration within the middle stratosphere (below 31 km height) as well as in the troposphere over the past 24 years. On the contrary, ongoing ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere has been found.The large scale vertical redistribution of atmospheric ozone in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere seems to be in agreement with model calculations and trend predictions that have their roots in changes of the chemical composition and the ozone photochemistry due to anthropogenically induced trace gas concentrations.Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Potsdam.Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Lindenberg.     

Anwendung einer enzymatischen Methode zur Charakterisierung von Huminstoffen Enzymatic Characterization of Humic Substances

A method is described for the specific hydrolysis of amino acids from humic substances by using the proteolytic enzyme “Pronase E”. The amino acids are analyzed by a fluorescence detector after precolumn derivatization and HPLC-separation. The pattern and the concentration of amino acids after the enzymatic hydrolysis are set up for humic substances of different origin. Due to the results the enzymatic hydrolysis is suitable for the characterization of humic substances with a nitrogen content higher than 3%. As shown in a kinetic study of the hydrolysis of a fulvic acid the influence of humic substances on the enzyme activity increases in case of lower nitrogen content. Due to the specificity of the proteolytic enzyme the operationally defined method is limited as shown by a protein of a known amino acid content. The amino acids leucine, valine, tyrosine and histidine are released to the highest extent. The determined total extent for the hydrolysis of Insulin B is 26.34% and for Casein 38.37%. By comparison of the enzymatic hydrolysis with the classic acid hydrolysis the advantages of the biochemical method are the simple experimental handling and the mild reaction conditions. Amino acids which are very unstable like glutamine and asparagine can only be analyzed by the enzymatic hydrolysis.     

INDUCED GRAVITY ANOMALIES AND ROCK-BURST RISK IN COAL MINES: A CASE HISTORY1

The use of the gravity method to predict rock bursts in mines is based on the relationship between the development of a dilatancy process in the exploited rock mass and the time-dependent gravity anomalies induced by this phenomenon. The differences between successive observations of anomalies and the time behaviour of their trend amplitudes as precursors of preceding changes of rock stability are interpreted. The centres of zones of induced rock density variation are determined by computing the position of singular points of the differences between anomalies. Two gravity surveys have been carried out in the Radbod coal mine (Germany). The first survey took place at the level of the Dickebank seam (depth 1030 m), the second in the Sonnenschein seam (depth 1090 m). The observations were made with Worden and LaCoste-Romberg (D-type) gravimeters. The differences between successive anomalies were less than 100 μGal. In the case of the Dickebank seam, the position of singular points demonstrates the effect of two approaching longwalls on a previously mined-out seam and on the gallery in which the gravity observations were made. In the case of the Sonnenschein seam, the trend amplitudes show distinct variations in the formation of the approaching longwall below the edges of all previously mined-out seams. In particular, the effect of a remnant pillar has caused the largest gravity gradients. This result corresponds to the existence of a zone of rock-burst hazard known from test drilling. The computed singular points are grouped together under the remnant pillar indicating two local hazard zones. Both results, the observed development of rock instability with time and the information about the position of the disturbed rock mass relative to the mine workings, are of importance, subsurface gravity surveying can therefore be a valuable tool for predicting rock-bursts.     

Ein Gerät zur langfristigen Registrierung einer Luftströmungs-Komponente

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Gerät zur langfristigen Registrierung von Luftströmungs-Komponenten beschrieben, das aus einem Fühler, einem Schaltgerät und einem Registriergalvanometer besteht.Als Fühler dient ein rotierendes Flügelrad, bei dem durch besondere Wahl der Größe, Neigung und Zahl der Flügelflächen erreicht ist, daß seine Drehzahl dem Produkt aus der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und dem Cosinus des Winkels zwischen der Drehachse des Rades und der Anströmrichtung (v·cos) angenähert proportional ist. Die Fernübertragung der Drehrichtung und geschwindigkeit des Flügelrades erfolgt reibungsfrei mittels eines lichtelektrischen Abgriffes und nachgeschalteter Elektronik. Als Anzeigegerät kann ein handelsübliches registrierendes Drehspulgalvanometer mit Nullpunkt in der Mitte der Anzeigeskala verwendet werden.Die Prüfung des Flügelrades in einer Luftstrahlanlage ergab, daß bei stationärer Anströmung des Rades die Proportionalität zwischen der Drehzahl des Flügelrades und dem Produktv·cos als sehr gut zu bezeichnen und bei instationärer Anströmung mit einer Anzeigeträgheit von 3 bis 4 sec zu rechnen ist.Das Gerät wurde als Vertikalwindmesser in der bodennahen Luftschicht entwickelt, läßt sich aber auch für zahlreiche andere Messungen der Strömungskomponenten in Natur und Technik verwenden.

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Summary The author describes an apparatus for long-range records of air current components consisting of a receiver, a regulating device and a recording galvanometer.A rotating vane-wheel serves as receiver. By special selection of size, inclination and number of the vane planes is achieved that its number of rotations is approximately proportional to the product of the current speed and the cosine of the angle between the rotation axis of the wheel and the direction of the current (v·cos). The telemechanics of the turning direction and speed of the vane-wheel takes place free of friction by means of a photo-electric system combined with electronics. A recording null galvanometer, commercial type, may be used as indicating apparatus.An examination of the vane-wheel in a wind tunnel has shown that in stationary conditions of air flux the proportionality between the rotation number of the vane-wheel and the productv·cos is very good and that for unstationary current the inertia of indication amounts to 3 or 4 sec.The apparatus has been developed as a vertical anemometer for the air-layer near the ground, but it can also be used for other measurements of currents in nature and technics.

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Résumé L'auteur décrit un appareil pour l'enregistrement à long terme des composantes du vent. Cet appareil se compose d'une partie sensible, d'un instrument de commande et d'un galvanomètre enregistreur.La pièce sensible est un moulinet dont la vitesse de rotation est proportionelle au produit de la vitesse du courant et du cosinus de l'angle formé par son axe de rotation et la direction du vent (v·cos). Cette proportionalité est réalisée grâce au choix de la grandeur, de l'inclinaison et du nombre des palettes. La transmission à distance du sens et de la vitesse de rotation du moulinet s'obtient sans frottement au moyen d'une cellule photo-électrique et d'un système électronique. L'enregistreur peut alors être un simple galvonomètre commercial à induit tournant ayant son point d'équilibre au centre de l'échelle de mesure.Le contrôle de l'appareil dans un canal aérodynamique a démontré que la proportionnalité entre le nombre de tours du moulinet et le produitv·cos est très bonne dans un courant stationnaire. Si le courant n'est pas stationnaire, il faut s'attendre à un retard de 3 à 4 secondes, retard dû à l'inertie.Cet appareil a été conçu pour mesurer les courants verticaux dans les couches les plus basses de l'atmosphère. Il trouvera cependant d'autres champs d'application soit dans la nature soit dans la technique et cela partout où il s'agit d'étudier les composantes d'un courant.

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Mit 3 Textabbildungen     

Mineralbestand und petrographische Kennzeichnung der dem variskischen Fichtelgebirgsgranit vorgelagerten Granitstöcke Reut bei Gefrees,Waldstein (mit Epprechtstein) und Kornberg

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die drei kleinen Granitstöcke vom Kornberg, Waldstein (mit Epprechtstein) und Gefreeser Wald, die dem großen, hufeisenförmig erodierten Fichtelgebirgs-Granitkörper vorgelagert sind.Auf Grund thermometamorpher Kontakterscheinungen (Chiastolithschiefer Bei Gottmannsberg) sowie der kontaktmetamorph überprägten (altvariskisch-regionalmetamorphen) Glimmerschiefer und-quarzite (Reinersreuth, Kleiner Kornberg) geht der Intrusivcharakter dieser variskisch eingedrungenen Granite des nordwestlichen Fichtelgebirges eindeutig hervor.Im hohen Niveau des Dachbereiches der Reut wurden im Verlauf der Platznahme reichlich Hornfelsschollen des Rahmens aufgenommen. Dabei erfolgte durch mehr oder minder starke Assimilation des Nebengesteins in situ eine Veränderung der granitischen zu granodioritischer Schmelze. Rasche Abkühlung in Dachnähe führte zu kleinkörniger Textur.Im tieferen Niveau eines mittleren Stockwerks von Waldstein und Kornberg (mit abgetragener Rahmenüberdeckung) ist die Beeinflussung des intrudierenden Granitmagmas an eindeutigen Relikten und durch eine allgemeine Inhomogenität (Quarzknauern, Quarz-Biotit-Knollen, Biotit-Granat-Verschlierungen, Zirkonaltbestand) zu erkennen. Sie geben Hinweise auf Syntexis von Si-reichen Glimmerquarziten und K-, Al-, Mg-, Fe-, OH-haltigen Glimmerschiefern, deren hoher Wassergehalt die Schmelze für interne Bewegungsvorgänge noch mobiler machte. Die durch Syntexis und Differentiation saurer gewordene Schmelze (Auftreten von Pegmapliten) konnte langsamer und daher grobkörniger erstarren.

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Mineralogical composition and petrographic characterization of the granite bodies of Reut near Gefrees, Waldstein (with Epprechtstein) and Kornberg, situated NW of the Varistic Fichtelgebirge-granite

Summary The present investigation is concerned with three small magmatic bodies of Kornberg, Waldstein (incl. Epprechtstein) and Gefreeser Wald/NE-Bavaria, W-Germany; these granitic diapirs lie northwest of the great horseshoe shaped Fichtelgebirge-granite.The intrusive character of those Varistic granites is evidenced by the contact-metamorphic chiastolith-schists of Gottmannsberg as well as the contaminated micaceous schists and-quartzites near Reinersreuth and Kl. Kornberg.During emplacement the magma in situ differentiated from granitic to granodioritic by assimilation of wall rocks in the top of the magmatic chamber (Reut). Rapid cooling led to a fine-grained structure.In the deeper parts of an intermediate complex of Waldstein and Kornberg (from which the covering had been eroded) the influence of the intruding, contaminating and assimilating granitic magma is commonly marked by inhomogenity, especially relict structures (mortar quartzes, quartz-biotitenodules, biotite-garnet-streaks, metamorphic zircons). These relicts and reactions give evidence of the syntexis of Si-rich micaquartzites and K-, Al-, Mg-, Fe-, OH-bearing micaschists of Ordovician age. The higher water content of the melt increased the mobility of internal movements and convections. The resulting granitic melt, having become more acid due to syntexis and differentiation (appearance of pegmaplites), was able to cool more slowly, leading to the formation of normal coarse-grained granites.

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Mit 11 Abbildungen     

Holocene and late-Pleistocene sedimentation in the Adriatic Sea

The following paper is a summary of sedimentological data on the Adriatic Sea (with the exception of the areas along the Jugoslavian and Albanian coasts). Because it is difficult to summarize a summary, only a few of the main conclusions will be mentioned here.Geophysical investigations indicate that the top of the limestone series, underlying the clayey and sandy deposits of the Pliocene and the Quaternary in the Adriatic area has a very uneven topography. Its greatest depths (4–6 km) are found a) between Ravenna and Rimini, b) between San Benedetto and Pescara, and c) below the Albanian shelf.Recent sands are mainly limited to the littoral zone; pleistocene sand, originally supplied by rivers, covers the greater part of the deeper shelf. Between these zones a terrace-shaped pro-littoral mud belt is present, where the bulk of the recent terrigenous mud is deposited. The maximum rate of accumulation in this belt is probably about 4 1/2 mm per year.The remaining part of the recent mud is transported in the sea water as floccules of such small size that they remain suspended over the deeper zones of the shelf. Most of it is deposited in the basins of the Central Adriatic (maximum accumulation rate for the Holocene on the average circa 1/2 mm per year) and in the bathyal basin in the southeast. The deepest area of the latter basin is formed by an almost horizontal plain (circa 1218 m deep). The longest core from this plain (240 cm of Holocene and 400 cm of late Pleistocene) is composed for roughly 61% of turbidite material, 5% of volcanic ash (coarser than fine silt), 0,2% of organic carbonate remains (coarser than silt) and 34% of normal terrigenous mud. The ash falls were limited to the central and southeastern parts of the Adriatic.

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Zusammenfassung Eine kurze Übersicht wird gegeben über die sedimentologische Kenntnis der Adria (mit Ausnahme der jugoslawischen und albanischen Küstengewässer).Geophysikalische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Kalkstein-Oberfläche unter den tonig-sandigen Ablagerungen des Pliozäns und des Quartärs, ein starkes Relief besitzt. Sie hat ihre größten Tiefen (4–6 km) a) zwischen Ravenna und Rimini; b) zwischen San Benedetto und Pescara und c) im Untergrund des Albanischen Schelfes.Rezente Sande sind in der Hauptsache auf eine schmale Küstenzone beschränkt. Dagegen haben pleistozäne Residual-Sande, ursprünglich von Flüssen herbeigebracht, eine große Ausdehnung auf dem Schelf. Zwischen diesen beiden sandigen Zonen findet man einen pro-littoralen Schlicksaum, wo die Hauptmasse des rezent ins Meer gebrachten terrigenen Schlickes abgelagert wird. Die maximale Akkumulationsgeschwindigkeit in dieser Zone beträgt wahrscheinlich ungefähr 4 1/2 mm pro Jahr.Der Anteil des terrigenen Schlickes, der nicht in diesem prolittoralen Schlicksaum zur Ablagerung kommt, besteht aus Flocken von so kleinen Abmessungen, daß sie während ihres Transportes über den äußeren Schelf-Regionen suspendiert bleiben. Sie sedimentieren größtenteils in den Becken der Zentral-Adria (mittlere Ablagerungsrate während des Holozäns maximal etwa 1/2 mm pro Jahr) und im bathyalen Becken der Südost-Adria.Der tiefste Teil dieses südöstlichen Beckens wird von einer fast horizontalen Ebene (auf etwa 1218 m Tiefe) eingenommen. Der längste Kern, der in dieser Ebene entnommen wurde (640 cm, wovon 240 cm Holozän), hat ungefähr die folgende Zusammensetzung: 61% Turbidit-Material, 5% vulkanische Asche (Sand- und grobe Schluff-Fraktionen), 0,2% organische Kalkreste (gröber als Schluff) und 34% normaler terrigener Schlick. Die Aschenfälle waren auf die mittleren und südöstlichen Teile der Adria beschränkt.

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Résumé L'auteur donne un bref résumé de la connaissance sédimentologique de la Mer Adriatique (à l'exception des parties le long des côtes Jugoslaves et Albanaises).Des recherches géophysiques indiquent que la surface du calcaire couvert par les dépôts argileux-sableux du Pliocène et du Quaternaire a un relief prononcé. Cette surface atteint des profondeurs maximales (4–6 km) a) entre Ravenna et Rimini, b) entre San Benedetto et Pescara et c) au-dessous du plateau continental Albanais.Les dépôts sableux d'âge Holocène sont limités pratiquement à l'étroite zone du littoral. Par contre, des sables pléistocènes résiduels, d'origine fluviale, couvrent de vastes étendues du plateau continental sous-marin. Entre ces deux zones sableuses, on trouve la bande vaseuse «pro-littorale», où se dépose la plus grande partie de la matière vaseuse terrigène, apportée à la mer sous les conditions actuelles. L'accumulation maximale dans cette zone est probablement de l'ordre de 4 1/2 mm par an.La partie de la vase terrigène qui dépasse cette bande pro-littorale est transportée dans la mer à l'état de flocons d'une taille si petite qu'ils restent en suspension au-dessus des parties extérieures du plateau continental. Ils sont déposés surtout dans les bassins de l'Adriatique Centrale (vitesse moyenne d'accumulation pendant l'Holocène au maximum environ 1/2 mm par an), et dans le bassin bathyal du Sud-Est.La partie la plus profonde dans ce dernier bassin est formée par une plaine presqu' horizontale (à environ 1218 m). La carotte la plus longue, tirée de cette plaine (640 cm, dont 240 cm d'Holocène) est constituée approximativement de 61% de matériel turbiditique, de 5% de matière volcanique (fractions de sable et de silt grossier), 0,2% de restes calcaires organiques (plus grossier que du silt) et 34% de vase terrigène normale. Les chutes de matière volcanique étaient limitées aux parties centrales et sud-orientales de l'Adriatique.

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— . , . (4–6 ) : a) Ravenna Rimini; ) San Benedetto Pescara ) . , , - , , pro-litto-ralen , . 4,5 . , ( 1/2 ) - . 1218 . , 640 , 240 . : 61% , 5% , 0,2% 34% . - .

     

Results of concentration and mobility measurements of positively and negatively charged particles taken by a rocket-borne parachuted aspiration (Gerdien) probe in the height region from 72 to 39 km

Summary With a self-neutralizing, rocket-borne parachute aspiration probe concentration and mobility measurements of positively and negatively charged carriers were made between 72 and 40 km over Sardinia. Between 72 km and 60 km a heavy and a light group of positively charged particles were found. The heavy group was more abundant than the hight group in the greater heights. For the negatively charged particles only one mobility group was found which roughly corresponded to the mobility of the light group of the positively charged carriers. The probe was designed so that no electrons could enter the analyzer section of the aspiration system. By this the electron concentration was given by the difference in concentration between the positively and negatively charged particles.This paper was read byH. Dolezalek, in an abbreviated form supplied by the authors.     

MULTICOVER MEASUREMENTS IN REFRACTION SHOOTING*

Multicover measurements in refraction shooting are comparable to long-spread reflection shooting. Of course, spread length, distance of traces and offset may be larger than in reflection shooting and depend on the, depth, the velocity and the dipping of the refractors to be detected. For later processing an equation for the refractor velocity is derived in case of flat and steep dipping refractors. The depth and the angle of dip will be computed from delay times. An outlook to digital processing is given.     

Petrology of clinopyroxene-amphibole inclusions from the roque nublo volcanics,gran canaria,canary islands

Inclusions consisting of clinopyroxene, amphibole, Fe-Ti oxides and apatitc are abundant in the Roque Nublo volcanics, a unit of Late Tertiary age that is widespread on Gran Canaria Island. The unit includes alkalic basalts and breccias. Mafic minerals in several inclusions and in one basalt host have been analysed with the electron microprobe. Although the inclusions vary in size, texture and mineralogy, they show certain common teatures. The pyroxenes analyzed are all salites-augites and their position in the Ca-Fe Mg quadrilateral suggests that they are early formed representatives of the pyroxene crystallization trend characteristic of alkaliolivine basalt. The amphibole is invariably kaersutite. A common variety of inclusion is composed largely of kaersutite and titaniferous clinopyroxene. The kaersutite (TiO₂ 5.27%, K₂O 1.58%) is homogeneous, except for slight iron enrichment in the margins of crystals. The clinopyroxene is an hourglass-zoned, brownish titansalite, Ca 50 Mg 35 Fe 15, TiO₂ 3.08%, with a green core of Ca 49 Mg 38 Fe 13, TiO₂ 2.15%. Compositions of coexisting titanilerous magnetite and ilmenite, Usp 44 Mt 56 and Ilm 85 Hem 15, respectively, indicate they formed at approximately 975°C and pO, 10^?10.5 atm. In another type of inclusion and its host basalt, pyroxene relations are more complex. Inclusion pyroxene is markedly but diffusely zoned. Predominant is a green salite, Ca 47 Mg 38 Fe 15, TiO₂ 1.11%, which has small, patchy core zones of brownish. Ti-rich salite. Ca 48 Mg 35 Fe 17, TiO₂ 1.94%. Cores of crystals in the host basalt are Ca 47 Mg 41 Fe 12, TiO₂ 2.23%; rims are pale green, Cr-rich diopsidic augite, Ca 44 Mg 45 Fe 11, TiO₂ 1.32%, Cr₂O₃ 0.48%. This «reverse» Fe-Mg zoning is attributed to increasing partial pressure of oxygen as crystallization proceeded. Kaersutite similar to that mentioned above occurs in both the inclusion and its host, in which it is highly resorbed. The available field and analytical evidence strongly suggests that the inclusions and the associated basalts are genetically related. Resorption of the kaersutite at depth may have given rise to the alkalic basalts of the Roque Nublo series.