多离子成分空间等离子体中斜传播波的混杂共振：（Ⅱ）实验观测与波模识别

在分析ＡＲＣＳ３探空火箭记录到的由人工离子束激发的低频等离子波的特征和激发机制的过程中，提出了多离子成分冷等离子体中的一般混杂共振和一般混杂波的概念，给出了斜向传播冷等离子体波的混杂共振条件．在上述理论的基础上，考虑了电子、氧离子、氦离子和人工氩离子束的贡献，计算出ＡＲＣＳ３实验条件下的等离子体介电函数，并用等离子体波模识别的方法，识别出频率在１８０Ｈｚ。附近的最强波峰乃是Ｏ＋－Ｈｅ＋双离子混杂波．     

New geologic aspects based on comparative analysis of advanced satellite-and field data in the NE Gulf of Aqaba Area

The current investigations have been carried out within the framework of the special research project 108, sponsored by the German Research Society. Besides other sources, a new generation of satellite data was used to support field campaign. Within a variety of image processing algorithms some application oriented scenes are shown up in the present paper. Thereby, a high impact of information is given by the socalled shortwave infrared bands, not detectable by human eye or photographic systems. Using suitable concepts, optimized presentations can be developed by means of advanced image processing techniques for detailed lithological and structural mapping and for well projected field campaigns.     

Slip rate variations on faults in the Basin-and-Range Province caused by regression of Late Pleistocene Lake Bonneville and Lake Lahontan

Late Pleistocene regression of two large pluvial lakes—Lake Bonneville and Lake Lahontan—caused considerable lithospheric rebound in the Basin-and-Range Province, USA. Here, we use finite-element models to show how lake growth and regression affect the temporal and spatial slip evolution on faults near the former lakes. Our results show that fluctuations in the volume of Lake Bonneville caused along-strike slip variations on the Wasatch normal fault, with a pronounced slip rate increase on its northern and central parts during lake regression. The response of normal and strike-slip faults near the ring-shaped Lake Lahontan depends on their location within the rebound area. Faults located in the centre of rebound show a slip rate increase during lake regression, whereas strike-slip faults at the periphery decelerate. All slip rate variations are caused by differential stress changes owing to changing lake levels, regardless of the individual fault response.     

Timing of deformation phases within the South Finland shear zone, SW Finland

The Palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian crust in southern and central Fennoscandia was established about 1.8 Ga ago after a prolonged history of accretion and intrusion. During late stages of the Svecofennian orogeny, deformation was partitioned into several crustal-scale shear zones in present-day Finland, Sweden and Estonia. One such major ductile deformation zone, ‘the South Finland shear zone’ (SFSZ) extends for almost 200 km through the Åland archipelago in southwestern Finland, and further along the southern and southwestern coast of Finland. This more than a kilometer wide transpressional zone appears to have been repeatedly reactivated. The deformation started with a period of regional, ductile dextral shearing of igneous rocks, producing striped granodioritic and tonalitic gneisses. The ductile phases are locally overprinted and followed by ductile to semi-ductile deformation evidenced by mylonite zones of variable width. The last stage of tectonic activity along the shear zone is recorded by pseudotachylites. Within this study, we dated zircons (SIMS U–Pb) and titanites (ID-TIMS U–Pb) from eight rock samples, and two pseudotachylite whole-rock samples (⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar) in order to reconstruct the deformation and (re)activation history of the shear zone.The results suggest that the medium-grained gneisses underwent three distinct deformation phases separated by time intervals without regional deformation. The ductile deformation within the study area initiated at 1.85 Ga. A second, more intensive deformation phase existed around 1.83 Ga, by which the shear zone was already well developed. Finally, the last ductile event is recorded by 1.79 Ga metamorphic titanites in relatively granoblastic granitoid gneisses that nevertheless already display protomylonitic textures, suggesting the initiation of large-scale mylonitisation around or soon after this time. The age of a pseudotachylite sample and, hence, the brittle deformation is bracketed between 1.78 and 1.58 Ga based on the age of pegmatites cut by pseudotachylites as well as ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar minimum ages for the pseudotachylite, respectively. The data imply that the rocks within the study area entered the ductile–brittle transition zone due to rapid cooling and exhumation of the crust after 1.79 Ga.     

Effects of soil organic matter composition on unfrozen water content and heterotrophic CO2 production of frozen soils

Several recent studies have highlighted the importance of soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization at high latitudes during winter for ecosystem carbon (C) balances, and the ability of the soil to retain unfrozen water at sub-zero temperatures has been shown to be a major determinant of C mineralization rates. Further, SOM is believed to strongly influence the liquid water contents in frozen surface layers of boreal forest soils and tundra, but the mechanisms and specific factors involved are currently unknown. Here we evaluate the effects of the chemical composition of SOM on the amount of unfrozen water, the pore size equivalents in which unfrozen water can exist, and the microbial heterotrophic activity at sub-zero temperatures in boreal forest soils. To do this, we have characterized the chemical composition of SOM in forest soil samples (surface O-horizons) using solid state CP-MAS (cross polarization magic angle spinning) NMR spectroscopy. The acquired information was then used to elucidate the extent to which different fractions of SOM can explain the observed variations in unfrozen water content, pore size equivalents, and biogenic CO₂ production rates in the examined soil samples under frozen conditions (−4 °C). The data evaluation was done by the use of principal component analysis (PCA) and projections to latent structures by means of partial least square (PLS). We conclude that aromatic, O-aromatic, methoxy/N-alkyl and alkyl C are the major SOM components affecting frozen boreal forest soil’s ability to retain unfrozen water and sustain heterotrophic activity (95% confidence level). Our results reveal that solid carbohydrates have a significant negative impact (95% confidence level) on CO₂ production in frozen boreal spruce forest soils, in contrast to the positive effects of carbohydrate polymers during unfrozen conditions. We conclude that the hierarchy of environmental factors controlling SOM mineralization changes as soils freeze. The effect of SOM composition on pore size distribution and unfrozen water content has a superior influence on SOM mineralization and hence on heterotrophic CO₂ production of frozen soils.     

Integrated geophysical and geological methods to investigate the inner and outer structures of the Quaternary Mýtina maar (W-Bohemia,Czech Republic)

The Mýtina maar is the first known Quaternary maar in the Bohemian Massif. Based on the results of Mrlina et al. (J Volcanol Geother Res 182:97–112, 2009), a multiparametric geophysical (electrical resistivity tomography, gravimetry, magnetometry, seismics) and geological/petrochemical research study had been carried out. The interpretation of the data has provided new information about the inner structure of the volcanic complex: (1) specification of the depth of post-volcanic sedimentary fill (up to ~100 m) and (2) magnetic and resistivity signs of one (or two) hidden volcanic structures interpreted as intrusions or remains of a scoria cone. The findings at the outer structure of the maar incorporate the (1) evidence of circular fracture zones outside the maar, (2) detection and distribution of volcanic ejecta and tephra-fall deposits at the surface, and (3) indications from electrical resistivity tomography and gravity data in the area between the Mýtina maar and ?elezná h?rka scoria cone, interpreted as a palaeovalley, filled by volcaniclastic rocks, and aligned along the strike line (NW–SE) of the Tachov fault zone. These findings are valuable contributions to extend the knowledge about structure of maar volcanoes in general. Because of ongoing active magmatic processes in the north-east part of the Cheb Basin (ca. 15–30 km north of the investigation area), the Mýtina maar-diatreme volcano and surroundings is a suitable key area for research directed to reconstruction of the palaeovolcanic evolution and assessment of possible future hazard potential in the Bohemian Massif.     

Sedimentologische Untersuchungen im Jungpaläozoikum der Östlichen Iberischen Ketten (Spanien)

Zusammenfassung Das Jungpaläozoikum (Unterkarbon — 'Namuro-Westfal) im Südteil der Östlichen Iberischen Ketten ist über 1000 m mächtig. Es sind eugeosynklinale Sedimente in Flyschfazies.Im Flysch kommen Rutschmassen im Wechsel mit Turbiditen, synsedimentäre und syndiagenetische Schichtverbiegungen und 'en-bloc-Bewegungen größerer Schichtverbände vor.Lithofazielle Vergleiche der jungpaläozoischen Schichten der Östlichen Iberischen Ketten mit denen Kataloniens, sowie Vergleiche der Schüttungsrichtungen beider Gebiete deuten darauf hin, daß im Jungpaläozoikum keine 'Ebro-Masse bestanden haben kann.

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In the southern part of the East Iberian Chains the upper paleozoic (lower Carboniferous — 'Namuro-Westfal) piles up to a thickness of more than 1000 m. The sediments are eugeosynclinal and in a flysch facies.This flysch contains slumps alternating with turbidites, synsedimentary and syndiagenetic deformations of beds as well as 'en bloc movements of bigger units.Comparing the upper paleozoic sediments of the East Iberian Chains with those of Catalonia, due to their rock facies and their current directions in both regions we come to the conclusion that during the upper paleozoic an 'Ebro-Masse was absent.

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Résumé La puissance du paléozoïque supérieur (Carbonifère inférieur — 'Namuro-Westfal) situé au Sud de le Chaîne Ibérique atteint plus de 1000 m. Dans le faciès du Flysch il est formé de sédiments eugéosynclinaux.Dans le Flysch, on observe des glissements alternant avec des turbidites ainsi que des déformations synsédimentaires et syndiagénétiques des couches et des mouvements 'en bloc des grands ensembles des couches.Des comparaisons lithofaciales entre les couches du paléozoïque supérieur de la Chaîne Ibérique et celles de Catalogne, ainsi que des comparaisons entre les directions des matériaux transportés de ces deux régions laissent penser qu'il est impossible qu'une 'Ebro-Masse se soit formée dans le paléozoïque supérieur.

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