漫滩水流摩阻因子与涡粘性系数的研究

对复式河道漫滩水流进行了研究,建立了摩阻因子与一维明渠流摩阻因子的关系,揭示出滩地的量纲为一涡粘性系数随着摩阻因子的增加而增加,并将二次流的影响表达成与雷诺切应力相同的形式,从而将其归入表观切应力中,由量纲为一表观涡粘性系数确定,后者可通过量纲为一表观涡粘性系数与摩阻因子之间的一个关系加以计算,该关系类似于量纲为一涡粘性系数与摩阻因子之间的关系。对光滑边界上对称的漫滩水流进行了计算,计算结果与实验资料吻合良好。     

四川大铜厂表生硫化物铜矿床成因探讨

四川大铜厂铜矿床产于中生代晚白垩世红层砾岩中。铜的次生硫化物占全铜含量的93.40%。铅同位素Pb/204Pb为18.054～18.815,207Pb/204Pb为15.528～15.644,208Pb/204Pb为38.030～38.722,模式年龄出现负组成:206值。δ34S平均值黄铁矿>辉铜矿>斑铜矿,硫酸盐的δ34S值为较大正值,硫化物矿物大多为负值:有较大平衡分馏系数,说明成矿是在开放系统、低温低压、非平衡的表生条件下进行的。矿物流体包裹体细小(多数小于3μm)。成矿金属来源于小坝组红色砂岩层,硫来源于小坝组顶部膏盐层,为一表生硫化物矿床。     

Palaeozoic amalgamation of Central Europe: new results from recent geological and geophysical investigations

Multidisciplinary studies of geotransects across the North European Plain and Southern North Sea, and geological reexamination of the Variscides of the North Bohemian Massif, permit a new 3-D reassessment of the relationships between the principal crustal blocks abutting Baltica along the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ). Accretion was in three stages: Cambrian accretion of the Bruno–Silesian, Lysogory and Malopolska terranes; end-Ordovician/early Silurian accretion of Avalonia; and early Carboniferous accretion of the Armorican Terrane Assemblage (ATA). Palaeozoic plume-influenced metabasite geochemistry in the Bohemian Massif explains the progressive rifting away of peri-Gondwanan crustal blocks before their accretion to Baltica. Geophysical data, faunal and provenance information from boreholes, and dated small inliers and cores confirm that Avalonian crust extends beyond the Anglo-Brabant Deformation Belt eastwards to northwest Poland. The location and dip of reflectors along the TESZ and beneath the North European Plain suggest that Avalonian crust overrode the Baltica passive margin, marked by a high-velocity lower crustal layer, on shallowly southwest-dipping thrust planes forming the Heligoland–Pomerania Deformation Belt. The “Variscan orocline” of southwest Poland masks two junctions between the Armorican Terrane Assemblage (ATA) and previously accreted crustal blocks. To the east is a dextrally transpressive contact with the Bruno–Silesian and Malopolska blocks, accreted in the Cambrian, while to the north is a thrust contact with easternmost Avalonia, deeply buried beneath younger sedimentary cover. In the northeast Bohemian and Rhenohercynian Massifs Devonian “early Variscide” deformation dominated by WNW and NW-directed thrusting, records closure of Ordovician–Devonian seaways between detached “islands” of the ATA and Avalonia.     

Radiogenic argon in glauconites as a function of mineral recrystallization

Natural glauconitic grains were subjected to hydrothermal treatment at a pressure of 2 kbars and temperatures of 200–414°C for the period of one month.The measurement of radiogenic argon before and after treatment shows that the mica-type glauconite mineral contains 92–96% of the argon initially present up to temperatures as high as 320°C.After recrystallization of the mixed-layered glauconitic minerals the new phases still contain significant amounts of argon in the structure. The mixed-layered glauconitic minerals are much more sensitive to temperature treatment at elevated pressure than glauconitic-type mica, they, however, still contain up to 84% of the initial argon of the untreated material at temperatures as high as 320°C, i.e., just below the thermal stability of glauconite mica. It is evident that low-temperature metamorphism will affect the apparent radiogenic age of glauconitic grains to an extent which depends upon their composition and the temperature of metamorphism.     

Estimation of the sensible heat flux of a semi-arid area using surface radiative temperature measurements

In the framework of an international field program for the study of semi-arid areas, observations were done in the region called La Crau in southern France. In this paper, the use of the surface radiative temperature for the determination of the sensible heat flux is addressed. We found that, once proper values of the roughness length of momentum (z ₀) and heat (z ₀h) are set, the sensible heat flux can be reliably predicted with a one-layer resistance model using standard observations of wind speed and air temperature, together with the surface temperature. The latter quantity has to be known with a precision better than ±2°C. From our observations, the value of the parameterB ^–1k ^–1 In (z ₀ z ₀h) was found to be 9.2, which falls between values quoted by Brutsaert (1982) for grass and bluff bodies.     

Threshold effects onV/V max for gamma-ray bursts

The interpretation of the observed-ray burstV/V _max statistic in terms of spatial distributions is model-dependent. Detection of-ray bursts requires the counting rate in one or more detectors to exceed a thresholdC _lim determined from a time-dependent background rateB(t). The sampling depth of the burst detector is thus time-dependent, and, if burst sources are non-uniform in space, the observedV/V _max distribution will be affected byB(t). We demonstrate this effect with a simple geometric distribution of standard candles and argue thatV/V _max statistic without information on threshold variations is insufficient for rigorous data analysis. Peak count rates and threshold values must be given separately for all events in order to facilitate a meaningful comparison of observations with theoretical distribution models.     

The Mark IV Nançay radioheliograph

A multi-frequency capability has been added to the north-south array of the Nançay Radioheliograph, providing observations at up to five frequencies between 150 and 450 MHz with time resolution 0.1 s. The projected position, brightness and dimension of sources in the solar corona can thus be studied as a function of height. Two-dimensional information is obtained at 164 MHz using the east-west and north-south arrays. In addition, the quiescent corona can be mapped in two dimensions at all observed frequencies by earth rotation synthesis. The paper describes the new aspects of the antennae, the receiver frontend, the data acquisition and the calibration procedure. The performances of the instrument are illustrated with multi-frequency observations of solar fast-drift bursts, continuum emission and maps of the quiet corona.Meudon: Y. Avignon, J. Bonmartin, A. Bouteille, B. Clavelier, E. Hulot, M. P. Issartel, A. Kerdraon, K.-L. Klein, P. Lantos, C. Mercier, M. Pick, A. Raoult, D. Rigaud, G. Trottet, N. Vilmer. Nançay: C. Chantelat, M. Chapuis, Y. Chapuis, A. Coffre, C. Couteret, B. Darchy, P. Guéniau, D. Lalardie, P. Picard, R. Tocqueville.     

青藏高原水汽输送路径的探讨

青藏高原的水汽主要来源于印度洋,其水汽输送路径可分为东西两条,东线为印度洋暖湿气流自孟加拉湾沿布拉马普特拉河、雅鲁藏布江(或横断山三江河谷)伸入高原北部边缘地带,为念青唐古拉山冰川发育提供物质基础,另一支西线来自印度洋阿拉伯海,其输送路线因季节不同而有差异,云团或自印度半岛腾空跨入高原,或自印巴次大陆经帕米尔高原沿南疆盆地南縁进入西藏阿里,为西喜马拉雅山、喀喇昆仑山和昆仑山丰厚的冰川积累起着重要作用。     

Hypocenter migration of fluid-induced earthquake swarms in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone (North Iceland)

The Tjörnes Fracture Zone separates Iceland's North Volcanic Zone from Kolbeinsey-Ridge (Greenland-Sea). Seismicity mainly occurs in swarms, often 100 and more per day, with similar waveforms and frequently offshore.We analysed three earthquake swarms between June and September 2004, recorded by 35 stations, i.e. the permanent Icelandic SIL network and a temporary setup of land and ocean-bottom-seismometers, and 5 swarms of the years 1994-1997 only using the sparser SIL network. Events occurring in the same swarm often show similar waveforms at the same station. We cross-correlated these time series by using a new approach of three component cross-correlation in order to relocate the hypocenters relative within the swarms and to precisely determine the direction and velocity of migration. Our method delivered good relocations with small spatial and temporal errors. This allows the interpretation and characterisation of the observed earthquake swarms. We try to classify observed migration velocities by comparing them to typical fluid- and crack-propagation velocities and determine focal-mechanisms and orientation of the best fitting plane through the hypocenter distribution.We separate the investigated events into two types of earthquake swarms, supposedly dike-induced and hydrothermally- or gas-induced swarms, by pointing out typical characteristics of both types and by comparing them to similar events of other volcanic regions. Based on different migration velocities, we will discuss possible mechanisms and their triggers of all single clusters within a swarm. Hypothetic models will be established, trying to explain the processes during the swarm episodes and to derive possible pre-eruptive patterns from the character of seismicity.