面状地图空间信息度量方法研究

如何计算地图的空间信息含量是评价制图质量、地图综合算法以及实现空间信息有效传输的重要基础。本文在详细分析现有的空间信息度量方法的基础上,提出了一种度量面状地图空间信息的新方法。该方法分别从几何、专题、拓扑以及专题拓扑四个方面来度量地图空间信息。通过算例分析发现,本文方法便于定量计算和分析地图空间的信息量。     

Concurrent Determination of U‐Pb Age and REE Mass Fractions of Zircon by High Mass Resolution SIMS

A combined geochronological and geochemical investigation for the same domain of zircon provides valuable information on timing and genesis, particularly in the case of multi‐growth metamorphic zircon. A high spatial resolution concurrent analytical method for zircon U‐Pb age and rare earth element content was successfully achieved in this study, using a multi‐collector secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) at a ~ 8 μm diameter scale. Special instrument parameters were employed, including a high mass resolution of approximately 15000 applied to replace the previous energy filter method, and a dynamic multi‐collector mode used to reduce the measurement time to 18 min per analysis. Six zircon reference materials yielded precise and accurate ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages, which are comparable to those obtained by the ordinary mono‐collector method, but with 2–3 times higher spatial resolution. All zircon grains measured in this study showed enriched heavy‐REE (HREE) contents consistent with previously reported values determined by LA and solution ICP‐MS methods. The light‐REE (LREE) mass fractions measured using both SIMS and LA‐ICP‐MS methods in this study, although with quite different volume, show consistent results within uncertainties.     

The behaviour of geosynthetic-reinforced pile foundation under long-term dynamic loads: model tests

In order to reduce the effects of the low strength and high compressibility of soft soil, geosynthetic-reinforced pile foundations (GRPF) are widely applied for the construction of high-speed railways. Though its reinforcement effect is proved acceptable in practices so far, it is unclear whether it will keep this performance as the train speed continues increasing. Since it is impossible to study the problem in field tests, only mathematical and physical models can be used. However, the nonlinear behaviour of the soft soil complicates the use of analytical models. Therefore, this paper presents a small-scale model test to study the possible changes in stress distribution and deformation in the GRPF under increasing dynamic loads. One test with a natural foundation, without piles or geosynthetic, shows the difference with a similar construction with GRPF foundation. Furthermore, three GRPF tests show the influence of the embankment thickness. The results show the long-term dynamic loading significantly affects the dynamic stress and displacements of the subsoil between the piles of the GRPF. This effect can be divided into three stages with an increasing level of load amplitude: no impact, advantageous impact, and adverse impact. When the dynamic load reaches the adverse impact stage, the long-term dynamic loads reduce the dynamic pile–soil stress ratio, which means that more soil settlement will develop, because more dynamic stress is applied to the soft soil. The test results show that the reduction in dynamic stress on the subsoil in the GRPF construction is clearly lower than the dynamic stress on the natural foundation, due to the existence of rigid piles. Moreover, a thicker embankment gives significantly lower dynamic stresses on the subsoil between the piles. For the thickest embankment tested, the adverse impact stage was not found at all: the arching kept enhancing under long-term dynamic loading with high load amplitudes.

     

Weakening laws of slip zone soils during wetting–drying cycles based on fractal theory: a case study in the Three Gorges Reservoir (China)

Acta Geotechnica - Slip zone soils play a crucial role in the evolution of landslides. In this paper, slip zone soils of the Huangtupo Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, which is an...     

城市地质学基础理论探讨

城市地质有近百年的研究历史,学科研究取得了很大的进展,但是总体上看,学科性质存在较多的争论,城市地质学基础理论难于满足现代城市管理的需求,无法为城市高质量发展提供系统完整的地学解决方案。本文系统梳理了国内外城市地质的发展历程和研究进展,进一步明确了城市地质学的学科性质,运用系统理论提出城市地质系统的概念,并基于这一概念,清晰地界定了城市地质学的研究对象,阐述了现代城市地质学的研究内容和技术框架,为今后形成完善的城市地质学理论体系提供研究基础。     

东线南水北调对黄浦江水质的影响

本文对长江枯季(12—3月)径流的特点、变化规律、河口盐水入侵以及对黄浦江水质的影响等进行了初步分析。长江水量虽然丰富,但枯季径流并不大,枯季径流一般占年径流总量的15%左右。频率50%的平水年各月平均流量都在15000秒立米以下,频率75%的一般少水年枯季1、2月份的月平均流量不足10000秒立米。河口盐度变化随上游来水多少而异,大通站流量在10000秒立米时河口盐度变化敏感,流量再减少河口盐度将急剧增加,便会严重污染河口和黄浦江水质,影响上海市和河口地区的工农业和城市生活用水。因此,在规划长江流域用水时,应使大通站流量在15000秒立米以上,若有困难,至少不能低于10000秒立米。     

数字线划地图建模中所遇问题分析

数字线划地图建模是从一体化空间数据模型入手,有效地解决一次生产两套数据的难题,实现制图与建库数据的联动,使得空间数据与地图符号在统一框架下管理。文中结合在Geoway软件下的生产实践,对数字线划地图建模中遇到的水系渐变处理、道路实部相交、境界跳绘,面状填充符号4个问题进行研究,并提出模型的改进方法,从而提高空间数据和制图数据的生产效率,增强数据的正确性,使得大批量生产时,人工编辑的工作量减少,自动化的生产效率得到提高。     

气象条件对奶牛产奶量的影响及对策

在分析奶牛产奶量时间和空间分布的基础上,将乌兰浩特市全市产奶量和乌兰哈达奶牛场观测站产奶量与乌兰浩特市气象资料进行相关分析,确定了影响当地牛奶产量的关键气象因子和关键时期。结果表明,温度是当地春秋季节和冬季影响奶牛产奶量的主要限制因子,其次是气压和相对湿度,而降雨量和日照时数的影响不明显。     

沿107.6°E南北向剖面鄂尔多斯地块及周缘地区地壳结构

鄂尔多斯地块紧邻青藏高原东北缘,位于华北克拉通的西部,在我国中生代、新生代以来东部地区的构造活动中起到了重要作用.对鄂尔多斯及其周缘地区的研究可以提供有关华北克拉通的形成、演化和破坏过程的重要信息.本文选取了纵贯鄂尔多斯的107.6°E附近南北剖面上的44个流动地震台站进行分析,采用接收函数方法,进行Kirchhoff偏移成像,并且结合在该区域内前人的地震面波频散进行联合反演,获得剖面下方的地壳内部精细结构.研究结果显示:(1)莫霍面在鄂尔多斯北部较平缓,约45km深;在鄂尔多斯南部有所加深,达到50km;其北边的河套盆地的地壳厚度约为50km;南边的渭河盆地到秦岭地区及四川盆地的地壳厚度从约为40km增厚到47～50km.(2)河套盆地下方存在大规模的低速异常,最深可达25km,反映了其显著的拉张构造和沉积历史.(3)秦岭造山带下方的低速异常对应于其主要为长英质的地壳组分,可能是由于中生代的拆沉作用导致的地壳下部基性岩石层的缺失.(4)以38°N为界的鄂尔多斯地块,南北部地壳速度结构存在差异,可能表明了这两部分经历的构造历史不同.     

Density effects on solute release from streambeds

Contaminants that entered the streambed during previous surface water pollution events can be released to the stream, causing secondary pollution of the stream and impacting its eco-environmental condition. By means of laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, we investigated density effects on the release of solute from periodic bedforms. The results show that solute release from the upper streambed is driven by bedform-induced convection, and that density effects generally inhibit the solute release from the lower streambed. Density gradients modify the pore water flow patterns and form circulating flows in the area of lower streambed. The formation of circulating flows is affected by density gradients associated with the solute concentration and horizontal pressure gradients induced by stream slope. The circulating flows near the bottom of the streambed enhance mixing of the hyporheic zone and the ambient flow zone.