汶川8．0级地震前龙门山断裂带的垂直变化特征

根据龙门山构造带上的跨断层水准测量资料,计算了龙门山断裂带1986年至2008年1月的垂直活动速率、断层形变异常强度及测线的月变化率,研究了龙门山断裂带1986至2008年初的异常变化。结果表明．龙门山断裂带的垂直活动速率不大,在1mm／n以下。但是在大震发生前的1～3a．断层活动加速．在形变异常强度图上变化显著,在月变率统计图上,也有明显的异常．龙门山断裂带的断层形变异常对于南北地震带上600余公里以内的3次7级以上大震均有反映．对本区的地震反映更明显。     

Al–Mg and Pb–Pb systematics of Allende CAIs: Canonical solar initial Al/Al ratio reinstated

The precise knowledge of the initial ²⁶Al/²⁷Al ratio [(²⁶Al/²⁷Al)₀] is crucial if we are to use the very first solid objects formed in our Solar System, calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) as the “time zero” age-anchor and guide future work with other short-lived radio-chronometers in the early Solar System, as well as determining the inventory of heat budgets from radioactivities for early planetary differentiation. New high-precision multi-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) measurements of ²⁷Al/²⁴Mg ratios and Mg-isotopic compositions of nine whole-rock CAIs (six mineralogically characterized fragments and three micro-drilled inclusions) from the CV carbonaceous chondrite, Allende yield a well-defined ²⁶Al–²⁶Mg fossil isochron with an (²⁶Al/²⁷Al)₀ of (5.23 ± 0.13) × 10^− 5. Internal mineral isochrons obtained for three of these CAIs (A44A, AJEF, and A43) are consistent with the whole-rock CAI isochron. The mineral isochron of AJEF with (²⁶Al/²⁷Al)₀ = (4.96 ± 0.25) × 10^− 5, anchored to our precisely determined absolute ²⁰⁷Pb–²⁰⁶Pb age of 4567.60 ± 0.36 Ma for the same mineral separates, reinstate the “canonical” (²⁶Al/²⁷Al)₀ of 5 × 10^− 5 for the early Solar System. The uncertainty in (²⁶Al/²⁷Al)₀ corresponds to a maximum time span of ± 20 Ka (thousand years), suggesting that the Allende CAI formation events were culminated within this time span. Although all Allende CAIs studied experienced multistage formation history, including melting and evaporation in the solar nebula and post-crystallization alteration likely on the asteroidal parent body, the ²⁶Al–²⁶Mg and U–Pb-isotopic systematics of the mineral separates and bulk CAIs behaved largely as closed-system since their formation. Our data do not support the “supra-canonical” ²⁶Al/²⁷Al ratio of individual minerals or their mixtures in CV CAIs, suggesting that the supra-canonical ²⁶Al/²⁷Al ratio in the CV CAIs may have resulted from post-crystallization inter-mineral redistribution of Mg isotopes within an individual inclusion. This redistribution must be volumetrically minor in order to satisfy the mass balance of the precisely defined bulk CAI and bulk mineral data obtained by MC-ICP-MS.The radiogenic ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratio obtained as a by-product from the Pb–Pb age dating is used to estimate time-integrated ²³²Th/²³⁸U ratio (κ value) of CAIs. Limited κ variations among the minerals within a single CAI, contrasted by much larger variations among the bulk CAIs, suggest Th/U fractionation occurred prior to crystallization of igneous CAIs. If interpreted as primordial heterogeneity, the κ value can be used to calculate the mean age of the interstellar dust from which the CAIs condensed.     

新型滑移隔震结构模型的振动台试验研究

利用实体软钢棒作为消能限位装置,将一种摩擦性能优良的二硫化钼材料作为隔震支座的滑移材料,提出并制作了一种可以应用于框架结构既能隔震又可以消能的新型摩擦滑移隔震装置。探讨了其设计方法和应用方法,并对安装了该新型摩擦滑移隔震装置的一相似比为1:5的5层框架结构模型进行了振动台试验,测试了框架结构在单向地震波作用下的地震反应规律,分析了摩擦滑移隔震结构的加速度反应、层间剪力反应、隔震层滑移量及隔震层剪力的变化规律。结果表明:一般情况下当设防烈度为8度,Ⅱ类场地时,该隔震结构的加速度响应可降低50%左右,层间剪力响应可降低50%左右,减震效果比较明显。另外,只要确定合理的构造方案和实施方案,这种新型摩擦滑移隔震装置就能满足框架结构的隔震减震要求,可应用于实际工程结构中。     

Determining flow patterns and emplacement dynamics from tsunami deposits with no visible sedimentary structure

In the absence of eyewitness reports or clear sedimentary structures, it can be difficult to interpret tsunami deposits or reconstruct tsunami inundation patterns. The emplacement dynamics of two historical tsunami deposits were investigated at seven transects in Okains Bay, New Zealand, using a combined geospatial, geomagnetic and sedimentological approach. The tsunami deposits are present as layers of sand and silt intercalated between soils and become finer and thinner with distance inland. The deposits are attributed to the 1960 and possibly the 1868 tsunamis, based on radiometric dating and correlation with historical records. Measurements of Magnetic Fabric (MF: Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility) and particle size were used to reconstruct the evolution of flow dynamics laterally and vertically. A combination of statistical methods, including spatial autocorrelation testing, Spearman's rank order correlation, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K‐means cluster analysis, was applied to examine relationships between MF parameters and sediment texture, and infer depositional hydrodynamics. Flow patterns deduced from MF show the estuary channel acted as a conduit for inundation, with flow commonly aligned sub‐perpendicular to the estuary bed. MF and sediment data suggest deposition occurred from settling during laminar flow. Evidence of both uprush and backwash deposition, as well as wave reflection from infrastructure, was found. Statistical analysis of data showed significant relationships between grain size parameters and MF parameters associated with flow speed and magnetic fabric type. PCA and cluster analysis differentiated samples into two primary hydrodynamic groups: (1) samples deposited from laminar flow; and (2) samples deposited close to the limit of inundation, which includes samples deposited further inland, those affected by flow convergence, and those in the upper part of tsunami deposits. This approach has potential as a tool for reconstructing hydrodynamic conditions for palaeotsunamis and by combining spatial and statistical analyses, large‐scale investigations can be more easily performed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

放牧对阿拉善荒漠草地土壤性状的影响

对阿拉善荒漠草地不同放牧条件下土壤理化性状的变化进行了研究,结果表明:在草地基况一致的条件下,经过连续6a不同强度的放牧,0~ 20cm土层土壤容重轻牧和重牧区低于中牧区。随着放牧强度的增加,土壤颗粒组成极粗砂、粗砂和中砂含量增加,细砂、极细砂、粉砂和粘粒含量减少,过度放牧加快了土壤风蚀沙化。0~20cm土层中土壤有机C、全P的含量和C/N随着放牧强度的增加而依次降低;全N、全K、pH末发生明显变化;速效N和速效K重牧区显著高于轻牧区和中牧区;速效P轻牧区高于中、重牧区。土壤有机C与全P、速效P呈显著正相关;全P与速效N和K呈显著负相关,与速效P呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

重庆温泉及地下热水的分布及成因

重庆地区地下热水资源较为丰富,且地下热水的分布也比较特殊。着重对重庆温泉及地下热水的分布特征、水化学特征、热储构造、形成条件和成因模式等问题进行了总结。重庆附近地下热储为三叠系中、下统碳酸盐岩,地下热水的分布受到背斜构造控制,温泉大多在高隆起背斜轴部、两翼及倾末端出露,与常见的受断裂控制的断裂-深循环型地下热水的分布不同,属于盆地-出露型的地下热水分布类型,水温为32~64 ℃,属于中低温温泉。受背斜构造的影响,地下热水主要溶滤三叠系中、下统雷口坡组和嘉陵江组碳酸盐岩,TDS为2~3 g/L,水化学类型多为SO4—Ca型,长期溶滤作用使地下热水趋于淡化,但尚未达到淡水阶段。地下热水热源主要为正常的地热增温,大气降水为其补给来源,补给区高程约为670~1 500 m。大气降水在重庆各背斜核部岩溶露头区入渗,地下水沿着背斜两翼向热储层深部径流并获得加热后,顺构造线方向自南、自北向背斜中部或向背斜倾末端径流,在河流深切的峡谷地段碳酸盐岩裸露区或埋藏区出露成泉,或在背斜两翼人工揭露形成钻井温泉和坑道温泉。     

Temperature increase and respiratory performance of macroinvertebrates with different tolerances to organic pollution

Respiration rates (mg O₂ g^?1 AFDW h^?1) of Leuctra hippopus, Sericostoma personatum, Helodes minuta, Gammarus pulex and Asellus aquaticus were studied across an oxygen gradient at 2.8 and 6.3 °C, corresponding to an expected 3.5 °C increase in Danish winter stream temperature. Species were selected from the Danish Stream Fauna Index (DSFI), representing an expected hierarchy of tolerance towards water quality degradation. We expected that low-ranking, tolerant species (i.e. indicators of bad water quality) would have the capacity to regulate their oxygen uptake relatively independently of oxygen availability (oxy-regulators) and high-ranking, sensitive species (i.e. indicators of good water quality) would be less able to do so (oxy-conformers). For all species respiration rate was higher (although non-significantly) at 6.3 °C. The species’ oxy-regulatory capacity did not consistently reflect their DSFI ranking. As expected, and in accordance with its DSFI ranking, A. aquaticus had the highest oxy-regulatory capacity with the ability to regulate O₂ uptake until an oxygen saturation of only 20%, which did not change with increasing temperature, emphasizing the robustness of A. aquaticus towards changes in the environment. S. personatum, H. minuta and G. pulex revealed no oxy-regulatory capacity. In contrast, the plecopteran L. hippopus did display an unexpected oxy-regulatory capacity. Though an increase in temperature changed L. hippopus’ capacity to oxy-regulate (the critical limit increased from 32.5 to 43.5% oxygen), respiration rates did not change significantly in spite of the temperature increase. This result contradicts the general belief that stoneflies, because of their affinity to well oxygenated habitats, are conformers. Our findings call for further studies on the respiratory conformer–regulator concept and its role as an eco-physiological trait for bio-assessment.     

Nogle midtsjællandske kanalplaner fra begyndelsen af det 19. århundrede

Jacobsen, N. H., 1973: Nogle midtsjællandske kanalplaner fra begyndelsen af det 19. århundrede. Geografisk Tidsskrift 72, s. 33–44. København, September 30, 1973.

Based on archives studies, canal-projects on Sjælland are described. The plans were submitted a. 1800 in order to facilitate military transports and improve the supplies of food and fuel to Copenhagen.     

Stable calcium isotopic compositions of Hawaiian shield lavas: Evidence for recycling of ancient marine carbonates into the mantle

We report high-precision ⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca measurements (2σ_m < 0.06‰) of Hawaiian shield stage tholeiites. Our data reveal ∼0.3‰ variation in their ⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca, which comprises ∼20% of the ⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca variation observed in global carbonates. The ⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca variation is correlated with Sr/Nb and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, and this pattern is best explained by adding up to 4% ancient carbonate into the Hawaiian plume. Mass-balance calculations show that up to 40% of the Ca budget and 65% of the Sr budget in some Hawaiian (Makapuu-stage Koolau) lavas are derived from recycled carbonates. Our finding demonstrates, for the first time with the application of Ca isotopes, that ancient recycled carbonates are important components of mantle plumes which feed some of the largest terrestrial volcanoes. Thus, recycling of carbonates into the mantle is an essential part of the global Ca and C cycles.     

Invasion genetics of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas shaped by aquaculture stocking practices

As a result of aquaculture activities Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) have invaded the European Wadden Sea. Using a variable noncoding mitochondrial marker, we show that the invaded range is the result of two independent invasions. Haplotype frequencies point towards two separate groups, one in the southern and the other in the northern Wadden Sea. We found virtually no genetic differentiation throughout the southern range and the putative source from British Columbia, Canada, suggesting that the Southern region can be considered as a closed population. In the North, mismatch distributions, haplotype ordination and isolation-by-distance analysis suggest a stronger, persistent impact of aquaculture on invasive populations. Due to the ongoing supply of new genetic material from hatchery production the northern invasive populations can therefore be considered as an open population highlighting the importance of aquaculture practice on the genetics of this keystone invader in the Wadden Sea.