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991.
T. Geisler 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2002,29(6):420-429
Raman spectroscopy and the powder diffraction technique have been used to monitor the recovery process of two partially metamict
zircons (2.6 and 4.8 × 1018
α-decays g−1) from Sri Lanka during a series of isothermal annealing experiments in the temperature range from 870 to 1622 K. These experiments
show for the first time that structural recovery in partially metamict zircon proceeds via three distinct recovery stages,
each of which occurs within a distinct time-temperature regime. Whereas the first two stages have previously been recognized
(recovery of damaged crystalline remnants and epitaxial recrystallization), the third stage has not yet been identified as
a single activated process. It is suggested that anisotropic defect annealing during the first stage at low temperatures,
where the structure recovers preferentially along the a(b) plane, produces a geometrical situation where large structural rearrangements are necessary to remove the remaining defects
inside the crystalline material. This situation is approximately reached when the amorphous domains start to recrystallize.
The reason for anisotropic annealing can be found in a different connectivity between polyhedral linkages in both directions
of the zircon lattice. High apparent activation energies, in the range of 6.4 to 7.9 eV, were determined for the third recovery
stage from the Raman data, which are interpreted to reflect large structural rearrangements (i.e. polyhedral tilting) associated
with the final recovery of the c axis. This explains the occurrence of a distinct recrystallization stage without defect annealing. Finally, it should be
mentioned that the first recovery stage is not necessarily expected to occur in less damaged zircon crystals (<∼2 × 1018
α-decays g−1), since less stable defects along the basal plane might have already been self-annealed during radiation damage accumulation
under ambient temperatures.
Received: 6 September 2001 / Accepted: 25 February 2002 相似文献
992.
The Purang ophiolite, which crops out over an area of about 600 km2 in the western Yarlung‐Zangbo suture zone, consists chiefly of mantle peridotite, pyroxenite and gabbro. The mantle peridotites are mostly harzburgite and minor lherzolite that locally host small pods of dunite. Some pyroxenite and gabbro veins of variable size occur in the peridotites, and most of them strike NW. On the basis of their mineral chemistry podiform chromitites are divided into high‐alumina (Cr# = 20‐60) (Cr# = 100*Cr/(Cr+Al)) and high‐chromium (Cr# = 60‐80) varieties (Thayer, 1970). Typically, only one type occurs in a given peridotite massif, although some ophiolites contain several massifs which can have different chromitite compositions. However, the Purang massif contains both high chrome and high alumina chromitites within a single mafic‐ultramafic body. Seven small, lenticular bodies of chromitite ore have been found in the harzburgite, with ore textures ranging from massive to disseminated to sparsely disseminated; no nodular ore has been observed. Individual ore bodies are 2‐6 m long, 0.5‐2 m wide and strike NW, parallel to the main structure of the ophiolite. Ore bodies 1 and 6 consist of Al‐rich chromitite (Cr# = 52‐55), whereas orebodies 2, 3, 4 and 5 are Cr‐rich varieties (Cr # = 63 to 89). In addition to magnesiochromite, all of the orebodies contain minor olivine, amphibole and serpentine. Mineral structures show that the peridotites experienced plastic deformation and partial melting. On the basis of magnesiochromite and olivine/clinopyroxene compositions two stages of partial melting are identified in the Purang peridotites, an early low‐partial melting event (about 8%), and a later high‐partial melting event (about 40%). We interpret the Al‐rich chromitites as the products of early MORB magmas, whereas the Cr‐rich varieties are thought to have been generated by the later SSZ melts.. 相似文献
993.
Margaret A. LeMone Robert L. Grossman Robert T. Mcmillen Kuo-Nan Liou S.C. Ou Stuart Mckeen Wayne Angevine Kyoko Ikeda Fei Chen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,104(1):1-52
Aircraft, radiosonde, surface-flux, and boundary-layer windprofiler data from the Cooperative Atmosphere Surface Exchange Study's 1997 field project, CASES-97, are combined with synoptic data to study the evolution of the vertically-averaged mixed-layerpotential temperature []and mixing-ratio [Q] onthree nearly-cloudless days from 1000 CST to 1200CST (local noon is approximately 1230 CST). This was achieved through examination of the terms in the time-tendency (`budget')equations for []and [Q]. We estimate three of the terms –local time rate of change, vertical flux divergence, andhorizontal advection. For the [Q]-budget, vertical flux divergence usually dominates, buthorizontal advection is significant on one of the three days. The [Q]-budget balances for two of the three days to within the large experimental error. For the -budget,vertical flux divergence accounts for most of the morningwarming, with horizontal advection of secondary importance.The residual in the -budget has the same sign for all three days, indicating that not all the heating is accounted for. We can balance the []-budgets to within experimental error on two of the three days by correcting the vertical-flux divergence for apparent low biases in the flux measurements of one of the aircraft and in the surface fluxes, and accounting for direct heating of the mixed layer by radiative flux divergence allowing for the effects of carbonaceous aerosols. The [];-budget with these corrections also balances on the third day if horizontal gradients from synoptic maps are used to estimate the horizontal advection. However, the corrected budget for this day does not balance if the horizontal gradient in the advection term is estimated using CASES-97aircraft and radiosondes; we suggest that persistent mesoscale circulations led to an overestimate of the horizontal gradient andhence horizontal advection. 相似文献
994.
G.K. PLATTNER F. JOOS T. F. STOCKER O. MARCHAL 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2001,53(5):564-592
Global warming simulations are performed with a coupled climate model of reduced complexity to investigate global warming–marine carbon cycle feedbacks. The model is forced by emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse agents from scenarios recently developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and by CO2 stabilization profiles. The uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean is reduced between 7 to 10% by year 2100 compared to simulations without global warming. The reduction is of similar size in the Southern Ocean and in low‐latitude regions (32.5°S‐32.5°N) until 2100, whereas low‐latitude regions dominate on longer time scales. In the North Atlantic the CO2 uptake is enhanced, unless the Atlantic thermohaline circulation completely collapses. At high latitudes, biologically mediated changes enhance ocean CO2 uptake, whereas in low‐latitude regions the situation is reversed. Different implementations of the marine biosphere yield a range of 5 to 16% for the total reduction in oceanic CO2 uptake until year 2100. Modeled oceanic O2 inventories are significantly reduced in global warming simulations. This suggests that the terrestrial carbon sink deduced from atmospheric O2 /N2 observations is potentially overestimated if the oceanic loss of O2 to the atmosphere is not considered. 相似文献
995.
T. Maitani 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1989,48(1-2):19-31
Observations of wind velocity and air temperature fluctuations were made in the nocturnal surface inversion layer over a sorghum field. Wave-like fluctuations of temperature and wind velocity with a period of 15–20 min were observed for about 2 hours, 3 to 5 hours before sunrise. Wave-like fluctuations of temperature were observed in the air layer above and within a plant canopy and were most noticeable at the top of the plant canopy. Spectral analysis of temperature and wind velocity fluctuations reveals a separation of energy into wave-like and turbulent fluctuations. Cospectral analysis shows that for both momentum and heat, vertical transports are partitioned almost equally in the frequency ranges characteristic of wave-like and turbulent fluctuations. This suggests wave- turbulence interactions at low frequencies in the air layer near a plant canopy. 相似文献
996.
I.N. Panchishkina G.G. Petrova A.I. Petrov T.V. Kudrinskaja 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):238-243
The correlation of mechanical transfer current from the atmosphere to the ground with the process of space charge formation as a result of conductivity current divergence near ground is under discussion in this research. Experimental data of conductivity current and mechanical transfer current acquired at three observation points for different meteorological conditions are analyzed. In particular, the peculiarities of mechanical charge transfer to ground under different stratifications of the surface layer are under discussion. 相似文献
997.
Summary ?The shallow water equations are formulated on the sphere in a three-dimensional coordinate system with the aid of tangential
velocity components and differential operators. We introduce a modified semi-Lagrangian scheme for the discretization in time.
The discretization in space is solved by linear finite elements. The grids we use are regular refinements of a macro triangulation
which itself is derived from a highly symmetric polyeder also known as a bucky or soccer ball. The good numerical results
show that this combination is a promising approach. The numerical algorithm is stable and its strength is the conservation
of mass and energy.
Received April 13, 2001; Revised December 18, 2001 相似文献
998.
The goal of this study is the analysis of heat waves and their impact on humans, using human biometeorological indices, which are based on the energy balance of the human body. The implications for humans are not only described through the intensity of the heat waves, but also through their duration over consecutive days. Both intensity and duration were analyzed for the Greater Athens Area during the period 1955 to 2001. The analysis was carried out using the daily physiologically equivalent temperature and the daily minimum air temperature. Based on these two parameters, the results showed an increase in the average duration of heat waves. Furthermore, the use of the Gaussian filter revealed the intra-annual variation of heat stress conditions and their relevance to humans. The results could be used for the management of the negative consequences of heat waves in cities suffering from environmental pollution and also for climate impact studies. 相似文献
999.
V. P. Meleshko V. M. Kattsov V. M. Mirvis A. V. Baidin T. V. Pavlova V. A. Govorkova 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2018,43(11):743-755
Studies dealing with impact of the Arctic warming and related sea ice decline on the Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation are considered. The causes of occurrence of extremely cold winters over the mid-latitude continents observed in the recent decades against the warming background are discussed. Several conceptions are outlined which explain potential reasons for occurrence of this phenomenon. The paper discusses impacts of the Arctic sea ice loss on the large-scale atmospheric circulation, oscillations of planetary waves. It also discusses issues related to sea ice changes in the Barents and Kara seas and their link to the frequency of extremely cold winters observed in Eurasia and North America, the contribution of internal atmospheric variability to the increasing frequency of cold weather, and the role of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in the Arctic sea ice reduction. 相似文献
1000.
Yangtze Delta floods and droughts of the last millennium: Abrupt changes and long term memory 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
Summary Climate variability and flood events in the Yangtze Delta, which is a low-lying terrain prone to flood hazards, storm tides and typhoons, are studied in terms of a trend and detrended fluctuation analysis of historical records. The data used in this paper were extracted from historical records such as local annuals and chronologies from 1000–1950 and supplemented by instrumental observations since 1950. The historical data includes frequencies of floods, droughts and maritime events on a decadal basis. Flood magnitudes increase during the transition from the medieval warm interval into the early Little Ice Age. Fluctuating climate changes of the Little Ice Age, which are characterised by arid climate events, are followed by wet and cold climate conditions with frequent flood hazards. For trend analysis, the Mann-Kendall test is applied to determine the changing trends of flood and drought frequency. Flood frequency during 1000–1950 shows a negative trend before 1600 A.D. and a positive trend thereafter; drought frequency increases after 1300. The detrended fluctuation analysis of the flood and drought frequencies reveals power law scaling up to centuries; this is related to long-term memory and is similar to the river Nile floods. 相似文献