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71.
Emilie Perraud Fleur Couvreux Sylvie Malardel Christine Lac Valéry Masson Odile Thouron 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,140(2):263-294
In numerical weather prediction and climate models, planetary boundary-layer (PBL) clouds are linked to subgrid-scale processes
such as shallow convection. A comprehensive statistical analysis of large-eddy simulations (LES), obtained for warm PBL cloud
cases, is carried out in order to characterize the distributions of the horizontal subgrid cloud variability. The production
of subgrid clouds is mainly associated with the variability of the total water content. Nevertheless, in the case of PBL clouds,
the temperature variability cannot be completely discarded and the saturation deficit, which summarizes both temperature and
total water fluctuations, provides a better representation of the cloud variability than the total water content. The probability
density functions (PDFs) of LES saturation deficit generally have the shape of a main asymmetric bell-shaped curve with a
more or less distinct secondary maximum specific to each type of PBL clouds. Unimodal theoretical PDFs, even those with a
flexible skewness, are not sufficient to correctly fit the LES distributions, especially the long tail that appears for cumulus
clouds. They do not provide a unified approach for all cloud types. The cloud fraction and the mean cloud water content, diagnosed
from these unimodal PDFs, are largely underestimated. The use of a double Gaussian distribution allows correction of these
errors on cloud fields and provides a better estimation of the cloud-base and cloud-top heights. Eventually, insights for
the design of a subgrid statistical cloud scheme are provided, in particular a new formulation for the weight of the two Gaussian
distributions and for the standard deviation of the convective distribution. 相似文献
72.
Criteria for the identification of ventifacts in the geological record: A review and new insights 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ventifacts (wind-worn stones) are typical of terrestrial environments remained very long without any vegetation, under hot or cold climates. Therefore, within the sedimentary record, they can allow recognizing desert conditions, even where no aeolian dune deposits are preserved. There seems that, in the recent literature, pebbles and cobbles from various palaeoenvironments were mistaken for ventifacts. This may partly be explained by the scatter and relative scarcity of illustrations to which refer. The aim of this paper is to help recognizing ventifacts in the sedimentary record, based on a critical review of the diagnostic properties generally used, and on new studies permitting to suggest additional criteria. After an evaluation of the sedimentary contexts favourable to preserving ventifacts, the distinctive characters that could be seen on each one are treated in order of increasing alteration of the original appearance: surface features, medium-scale features (new types of pit especially), and general shape. Finally, the problem of distinguishing between ventifacts and aquafacts is approached. 相似文献
73.
A 70 Ma record of suprasolidus conditions in the large,hot, long‐duration Grenville Orogen
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François Turlin Clara Deruy Aurélien Eglinger Olivier Vanderhaeghe Anne‐Sylvie André‐Mayer Marc Poujol Abdelali Moukhsil Fabien Solgadi 《地学学报》2018,30(3):233-243
Petrochronology of magmatic monazite and apatite from a single paragneiss leucosome derived by in situ partial melting documents the thermal evolution of the Allochthonous Belt of the central Grenville Province. Monazite records suprasolidus metamorphism from ca. 1080 to 1020 Ma under high temperature up to 850°C. Apatite from the same leucosome yields an age of 960 Ma, consistent with cooling of this crustal segment down to subsolidus conditions of ca. 450°C. A pegmatitic granite dyke, with lobate contacts, previously dated at ca. 1005 Ma (Turlin et al., 2017 ) is interpreted to intrude the paragneisses at a temperature of ca. 650°C close to the wet‐solidus. These data document slow cooling at a rate of 2–6°C/Ma for the middle crust of this part of the Grenville hinterland marked by protracted suprasolidus conditions for at least 70 Ma. It supports the definition of the Grenville Orogen as a large, hot, long‐duration orogen. 相似文献
74.
S. Derenne P. Metzger C. Largeau P.F. Van Bergen J.P. Gatellier J.S. Sinninghe Damst J.W. de Leeuw C. Berkaloff 《Organic Geochemistry》1992,19(4-6)
Most Ordovician source rocks consist of accumulation of a colonial marine microorganism, Gloeocapsomorpha prisca (G. prisca) whose nature, ecology and affinity with extant organisms have been in dispute for years. Furthermore, recent studies have shown major differences in phenol moieties between two G. prisca-rich samples. Examination of five G. prisca-rich kerogens by electron microscopy and pyrolysis studies revealed (i) the occurrence of two markedly distinct “morpho/chemical” types: a “closed/phenol-rich” type (Baltic samples) and an “open/phenol-poor” one (North American samples) and (ii) the selective preservation of the resistant micromolecular material building up the thick cell walls in the original organism. Comparison with extant Botryococcus braunii (a widespread green microalga) grown on media of increasing salinity suggests that G. prisca is likely to be a planktonic green microalga related to B. braunii, which can adapt to large salinity variations which, in turn, control its polymorphism. The large differences in colony morphology and in the content of phenol moieties observed in fossil G. prisca and the resulting occurrence of two “morpho/chemical” types, should therefore reflect depositional environments with different salinities. The presence of thick, highly aliphatic, resistant walls in G. prisca selectively preserved during fossilization, accounts for the major contribution of this organism to Ordovician organic-rich sediments and for the resulting typical signature of Ordovician oils. 相似文献
75.
André Giret Sylvie Tourpin Sabine Marc Olivier Verdier Jean-Yves Cottin 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2002,334(7):481-488
Despite its small area (5.6 km2), the Penguins Island brings magmatic information concerning mantle geochemical heterogeneities in southwestern Indian Ocean. The volcanism that built the island was firstly associated with marine deposits, and secondly with aerial, giving then abundant volcanic breccias and lava flows. The rocks are weakly differentiated and result of magmatic fractionation from picritic to tephritic types. KAr ages are near 1.1 Ma. The magmatic source may be related to a HIMU reservoir or to EMI ± EMII ones, depending on the geochemical evidences that are taken into account. However, comparisons with the Marion Island, on the same oceanic plateau and far to the west, as well as with Kerguelen Islands, far to the east, suggest a very heterogeneous mantle source. To cite this article: A. Giret et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 481–488. 相似文献
76.
Sylvie Derenne Jean-Noël Rouzaud François Robert 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(15):3911-3917
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are often considered as abundant and widespread organic structures in the universe and such structures are known to build the macromolecular network of the organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites. Assuming that interstellar PAHs are properly identified from infrared bands, these meteoritic aromatic moieties can be compared with their interstellar counterpart. The main structural parameters of the aromatic units of the insoluble organic matter of the Orgueil and Murchison chondrites are directly determined through high resolution transmission electron microscopy along with image analysis. These aromatic moieties appear weakly organized and of a smaller size than those present in the interstellar medium (containing ∼30 and ∼150 C atoms). Provided chondritic and interstellar polyaromatic hydrocarbons are derived from a similar organosynthesis, the smaller units were selectively preserved in meteorites, likely thanks to their fast accumulation on grains, which would protect them from solar UV photodissociation at the surface of the protosolar disk. 相似文献
77.
Detecting decadal changes in ENSO using neural networks 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
Julie A. Leloup Zouhair Lachkar Jean-Philippe Boulanger Sylvie Thiria 《Climate Dynamics》2007,28(2-3):147-162
78.
Richard Giot Sylvie Granet Maxime Faivre Nadia Massoussi Julie Huang 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2018,13(4):246-263
A transversely isotropic thermo-poroelastic constitutive law is developed and implemented in the finite element code Code_Aster (EDF, France). It is then validated using an analytic solution for an inclined borehole in a transversely isotropic medium. A strategy for identifying the parameters of the transversely isotropic thermo-poroelastic model based on an inverse method is proposed on the basis of different laboratory tests. To demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the model, it is then applied in a three-dimensional numerical model of an underground structure in a parameter sensitivity study. The results of the modelling highlight the importance of accounting for anisotropic phenomena when determining the dimensions of underground facilities. The whole approach is presented in the paper, from model development to application to 3D numerical modelling to an engineering case study. 相似文献
79.
Denise Bussien Grosjean Nicolas Meisser Sylvie May-Leresche Alexey Ulianov Pierre Vonlanthen 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2018,111(1-2):35-49
The Morcles microgranite is located in the N–E termination of the Aiguilles Rouges massif (External Crystalline Massifs, Switzerland). It outcrops as dykes, a few meters to 150 m in thickness, intruding the Aiguilles Rouges polymetamorphic basement, and presents variation of texture from granophyric to rhyolitic. We present here for the first time, in situ U–Pb zircon dating of the Morcles microgranite/rhyolite based on laser-ablation—inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data. Results indicate late Variscan emplacement ages at ~303 and ~309–312 Ma, a major Caledonian inherited component age at ~445–460 Ma, and secondary inherited ages ranging from Pan-African (550–1000 Ma) to Paleoproterozoic (2.3 Ga). Geochronological and geochemical data indicate that the Morcles microgranite/rhyolite shares a common origin with the higher (or “H”) facies of the neighbouring Vallorcine granitic intrusion. This close affinity is further corroborated by the geographical alignment of both intrusive bodies on either side of the Rhone Valley. The fine-grained texture of the microgranite groundmass and the rhyolite indicates a very rapid cooling rate and emplacement close to the surface, suggesting that the Morcles microgranite/rhyolite may constitute the shallow-level counterpart of the Vallorcine granite. The mineralogical assemblages observed in the Morcles microgranite/rhyolite support the idea of high-temperature melting conditions provided by underplating of mantle-derived magmas during the Carboniferous extension of the Variscan cordillera. 相似文献
80.
Macroinvertebrates play a key role in lotic ecosystems, as fish prey and processors of organic material. Therefore, their hydraulic preferences have to be integrated in instream habitat models for ecological stream management. This study characterized physical habitat use in terms of shear velocity for the larvae of three Ephemeropteran (Ephoron virgo, Oligoneuriella rhenana, and Serratella ignita), two Trichopteran (Cheumatopsyche lepida and Hydropsyche exocellata) and one Dipteran species (Blepharicera fasciata) in a Mediterranean stream at a relatively low water discharge. O. rhenana, C. lepida, H. exocellata, and B. fasciata larvae were mainly found in high shear velocity conditions, whereas E. virgo and S. ignita larvae were found in low shear velocity conditions. Knowing that habitat preferences should vary during ontogenesis (with respect to changes in biological requirements and/or morphological abilities to withstand high flow, for example), our second objective was to characterize differences in the hydraulic habitat use (in terms of shear velocity) for different size classes of these six species.Larvae of H. exocellata and B. fasciata mainly colonized high shear velocity conditions and numerous individuals of these species also used medium shear velocity conditions, independent of size class.The use of high shear velocity conditions increased with larval size for C. lepida and O. rhenana, whilst the use of low shear velocity conditions increased for larger larvae of E. virgo and S. ignita. Various hypotheses are proposed to explain these different strategies of habitat use during ontogenesis. We point out the lack of knowledge about physical habitat shifts during the larval growth of freshwater invertebrates.These results highlight the interest to consider the respective habitat requirements of different size classes of invertebrates in instream habitat models. Population bottlenecks should be overcome if hydraulic conditions are kept suitable for all size classes by stream managers. 相似文献