Complex organics in space from Solar System to distant galaxies

Recent observational and experimental evidence for the presence of complex organics in space is reviewed. Remote astronomical observations have detected \(\sim \)200 gas-phased molecules through their rotational and vibrational transitions. Many classes of organic molecules are represented in this list, including some precursors to biological molecules. A number of unidentified spectral phenomena observed in the interstellar medium are likely to have originated from complex organics. The observations of these features in distant galaxies suggests that organic synthesis had already taken place during the early epochs of the Universe. In the Solar System, almost all biologically relevant molecules can be found in the soluble component of carbonaceous meteorites. Complex organics of mixed aromatic and aliphatic structures are present in the insoluble component of meteorites. Hydrocarbons cover much of the surface of the planetary satellite Titan and complex organics are found in comets and interplanetary dust particles. The possibility that the early Solar System, or even the early Earth, have been enriched by interstellar organics is discussed.     

夏季两次低槽冷锋型暴雨成因对比分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对对流层低层无低涡、无低空急流配置的低槽和冷锋影响下2004年7月29—30日后倾槽和2004年8月3—4日前倾槽两次暴雨过程的成因进行了对比分析,结果表明: 虽然两次过程对流层中低层形势非常相近,但在空间结构上却存在显著差异。后倾槽锋区向冷空气倾斜且成3段锋,其中,第1段锋在850 hPa以下,冷空气虽较弱,但对整个降水过程起抬升触发作用,暴雨区出现在该段锋移动方向的前沿,即地面辐合线呈气旋性弯曲的流线密集处;前倾槽锋区完整,湿斜压锋区向暖区倾斜,暴雨区出现在锋前1～2个纬距处,即地面辐合线右侧偏南气流密集带中。两次过程低层均有强的水汽输送,存在高温高湿区,925 hPa比湿均达15 g〖DK〗·kg-1以上,所不同的是,后倾槽暴雨区位于水汽通量大值区、等〖WTBX〗θe〖WTBZ〗密集线前沿及风场辐合明显的水汽辐合区内,而前倾槽暴雨区则位于水汽通量等值线密集带中的水汽辐合区、〖WTBX〗θe〖WTBZ〗暖舌的舌尖和风场辐合处,但更偏向暖空气一侧。此外,暴雨易发生在山区或海岸线等特殊地形抬升的区域。     

基于51单片机的气象数据无线传输系统的设计开发

针对自动气象站探测数据短距离无线传输的需要,设计了一套气象数据无线传输系统。系统由发送器、接收器组成,基于51单片机和NRF905无线射频控制芯片开发。该系统对不同型号自动气象站具有良好的自适应能力。实现了气象数据的无线传输、显示和存储。经测试系统在环境适应性和传输能力方面均达到了设计要求,系统运行稳定、可靠。本文从工作原理,系统构成,硬件设计、单片机程序设计及系统测试几个方面对传输器开发方法进行了详细介绍。     

Simulation of the equatorially asymmetric mode of the Hadley circulation in CMIP5 models

The tropical Hadley circulation (HC) plays an important role in influencing the climate in the tropics and extra-tropics. The realism of the climatological characteristics, spatial structure, and temporal evolution of the long-term variation of the principal mode of the annual mean HC (i.e., the equatorially asymmetric mode, EAM) was examined in model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The results showed that all the models are moderately successful in capturing the HC's climatological features, including the spatial pattern, meridional extent, and intensity, but not the spatial or temporal variation of the EAM. The possible reasons for the poor simulation of the long-term variability of the EAM were explored. None of the models can successfully capture the differences in the warming rate between the tropical Southern Hemisphere (SH) and Northern Hemisphere (NH), which is considered to be an important driver for the variation of the AM. Most of the models produce a faster warming in the NH than in the SH, which is the reverse of the observed trend. This leads to a reversed trend in the meridional gradient between the SH and NH, and contributes to the poor simulation of EAM variability. Thus, this aspect of the models should be improved to provide better simulations of the variability of the HC. This study suggests a possible reason for the poor simulation of the HC, which may be helpful for improving the skill of the CMIP5 models in the future.     

Mesoscale dynamics and its application in torrential rainfall systems in China

Progress over the past decade in understanding moisture-driven dynamics and torrential rain storms in China is reviewed in this paper. First, advances in incorporating moisture effects more realistically into theory are described, including the development of a new parameter, generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) and an improved moist ageostrophic Q vector(Qum). Advances in vorticity dynamics are also described, including the adoption of a "parcel dynamic" approach to investigate the development of the vertical vorticity of an air parcel; a novel theory of slantwise vorticity development, proposed because vorticity develops easily near steep isentropic surfaces; and the development of the convective vorticity vector(CVV)as an effective new tool. The significant progress in both frontal dynamics and wave dynamics is also summarized, including the geostrophic adjustment of initial unbalanced flow and the dual role of boundary layer friction in frontogenesis, as well as the interaction between topography and fronts, which indicate that topographic perturbations alter both frontogenesis and frontal structure. For atmospheric vortices, mixed wave/vortex dynamics has been extended to explain the propagation of spiral rainbands and the development of dynamical instability in tropical cyclones. Finally, we review wave and basic flow interaction in torrential rainfall, for which it was necessary to extend existing theory from large-scale flows to mesoscale fields, enriching our knowledge of mesoscale atmospheric dynamics.     

Arctic sea ice and Eurasian climate: A review

The Arctic plays a fundamental role in the climate system and has shown significant climate change in recent decades,including the Arctic warming and decline of Arctic sea-ice extent and thickness. In contrast to the Arctic warming and reduction of Arctic sea ice, Europe, East Asia and North America have experienced anomalously cold conditions, with record snowfall during recent years. In this paper, we review current understanding of the sea-ice impacts on the Eurasian climate.Paleo, observational and modelling studies are covered to summarize several major themes, including: the variability of Arctic sea ice and its controls; the likely causes and apparent impacts of the Arctic sea-ice decline during the satellite era,as well as past and projected future impacts and trends; the links and feedback mechanisms between the Arctic sea ice and the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation, the recent Eurasian cooling, winter atmospheric circulation, summer precipitation in East Asia, spring snowfall over Eurasia, East Asian winter monsoon, and midlatitude extreme weather; and the remote climate response(e.g., atmospheric circulation, air temperature) to changes in Arctic sea ice. We conclude with a brief summary and suggestions for future research.