全文获取类型
收费全文 | 55627篇 |
免费 | 928篇 |
国内免费 | 586篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1488篇 |
大气科学 | 3985篇 |
地球物理 | 10422篇 |
地质学 | 20081篇 |
海洋学 | 5092篇 |
天文学 | 13154篇 |
综合类 | 191篇 |
自然地理 | 2728篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 370篇 |
2021年 | 658篇 |
2020年 | 692篇 |
2019年 | 759篇 |
2018年 | 1654篇 |
2017年 | 1540篇 |
2016年 | 1936篇 |
2015年 | 1041篇 |
2014年 | 1800篇 |
2013年 | 2986篇 |
2012年 | 1937篇 |
2011年 | 2461篇 |
2010年 | 2149篇 |
2009年 | 2772篇 |
2008年 | 2397篇 |
2007年 | 2442篇 |
2006年 | 2289篇 |
2005年 | 1699篇 |
2004年 | 1719篇 |
2003年 | 1628篇 |
2002年 | 1552篇 |
2001年 | 1339篇 |
2000年 | 1271篇 |
1999年 | 1030篇 |
1998年 | 1077篇 |
1997年 | 980篇 |
1996年 | 843篇 |
1995年 | 811篇 |
1994年 | 712篇 |
1993年 | 633篇 |
1992年 | 624篇 |
1991年 | 610篇 |
1990年 | 647篇 |
1989年 | 524篇 |
1988年 | 529篇 |
1987年 | 562篇 |
1986年 | 514篇 |
1985年 | 637篇 |
1984年 | 707篇 |
1983年 | 620篇 |
1982年 | 589篇 |
1981年 | 524篇 |
1980年 | 499篇 |
1979年 | 495篇 |
1978年 | 473篇 |
1977年 | 387篇 |
1976年 | 354篇 |
1975年 | 369篇 |
1974年 | 320篇 |
1973年 | 356篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
901.
Hydrogeologic assessment of escalating groundwater exploitation in the Indus Basin, Pakistan 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Groundwater development has contributed significantly to food security and reduction in poverty in Pakistan. Due to rapid population growth there has been a dramatic increase in the intensity of groundwater exploitation leading to declining water tables and deteriorating groundwater quality. In such prevailing conditions, the hydrogeological appraisal of escalating groundwater exploitation has become of paramount importance. Keeping this in view, a surface water–groundwater quantity and quality model was developed to assess future groundwater trends in the Rechna Doab (RD), a sub-catchment of the Indus River Basin. Scenario analysis shows that if dry conditions persist, there will be an overall decline in groundwater levels of around 10 m for the whole of RD during the next 25 years. The lower parts of RD with limited surface water supplies will undergo the highest decline in groundwater levels (10 to 20 m), which will make groundwater pumping very expensive for farmers. There is a high risk of groundwater salinization due to vertical upconing and lateral movement of highly saline groundwater into the fresh shallow aquifers in the upper parts of RD. If groundwater pumping is allowed to increase at the current rate, there will be an overall decline in groundwater salinity for the lower and middle parts of RD because of enhanced river leakage. 相似文献
902.
Point scale studies in different settings of glacial geology show a large local variation of redox conditions. There is a need to develop an upscaling methodology for catchment scale models. This paper describes a study of field-scale heterogeneity of redox-interfaces in a till aquitard within an area of 600?×?600 m. The results showed significant variation of the depths to the redox-interface and thickness of the aquitard. Nitrate was present above the redox-interface but reduced to non-detectable levels a few metres below the interface. An upscaling approach for an area of 92 km2 is proposed. Two models are proposed to predict the depth to the redox-interface in the aquitard and the resulting nitrate recharge concentrations to an underlying aquifer. The first model assumes that the depth to the redox-interface reflects the hydraulic head in the aquitard, and the second model assumes that the depth of the redox-interface is randomly distributed according to a log-normal probability distribution function. The upscaling approach using the random redox model estimated recharge concentrations comparable to the observed concentration in the underlying aquifer. The presented upscaling approach is applicable in distributed catchment models where sub-grid variability cannot be represented by the large grids. 相似文献
903.
John Gunn Simon H. Bottrell David J. Lowe Stephen R. H. Worthington 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(5):1019-1021
904.
905.
Autumn Oczkowski Scott Nixon Kelly Henry Peter DiMilla Michael Pilson Stephen Granger Betty Buckley Carol Thornber Richard McKinney Joaquin Chaves 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(1):53-69
Narragansett Bay has been heavily influenced by human activities for more than 200 years. In recent decades, it has been one
of the more intensively fertilized estuaries in the USA, with most of the anthropogenic nutrient load originating from sewage
treatment plants (STP). This will soon change as tertiary treatment upgrades reduce nitrogen (N) loads by about one third
or more during the summer. Before these reductions take place, we sought to characterize the sewage N signature in primary
(macroalgae) and secondary (the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria) producers in the bay using stable isotopes of N (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C). The δ15N signatures of the macroalgae show a clear gradient of approximately 4‰ from north to south, i.e., high to low point source
loading. There is also evidence of a west to east gradient of heavy to light values of δ15N in the bay consistent with circulation patterns and residual flows. The Providence River Estuary, just north of Narragansett
Bay proper, receives 85% of STP inputs to Narragansett Bay, and lower δ15N values in macroalgae there reflected preferential uptake of 14N in this heavily fertilized area. Differences in pH from N stimulated photosynthesis and related shifts in predominance of
dissolved C species may control the observed δ13C signatures. Unlike the macroalgae, the clams were remarkably uniform in both δ15N (13.2 ± 0.54‰ SD) and δ13C (−16.76 ± 0.61‰ SD) throughout the bay, and the δ15N values were 2–5‰ heavier than in clams collected outside the bay. We suggest that this remarkable uniformity reflects a
food source of anthropogenically heavy phytoplankton formed in the upper bay and supported by sewage derived N. We estimate
that approximately half of the N in the clams throughout Narragansett Bay may be from anthropogenic sources. 相似文献
906.
Nathan S. Hall R. Wayne Litaker Elizabeth Fensin Jason E. Adolf Holly A. Bowers Allen R. Place Hans W. Paerl 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(2):402-418
A dense bloom of the ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum was discovered in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, on 19 October 2006 and was associated with four subsequent fish
kills. Microscopic, photopigment, DNA, and toxicological techniques confirmed bloom identity and toxicity. High-resolution
spatio-temporal data from ship-board and fixed automated sampling stations provided a unique opportunity to investigate the
environmental conditions that initiated, maintained, and terminated the K. veneficum bloom. Bloom initiation and growth were favored by high nutrient availability and reduced dispersal during the period of
declining riverine discharge after Tropical Storm Ernesto. K. veneficum out-competed other co-occurring dinoflagellates, perhaps because of the production of karlotoxins that are known to act as
grazing deterrents and to facilitate mixotrophic feeding. Once the bloom was established, small-scale hydrodynamic processes,
coupled with vertical migration, concentrated cells along a frontal convergence to high densities (>200,000 cells per milliliter).
By 26 October 2006, wind mixing and possible nutrient stress disrupted the bloom. Release of cell-bound toxins during the
bloom collapse likely accounted for the associated fish kill events where fish were reported as exhibiting typical symptoms
of karlotoxin poisoning. The dynamics of this bloom underscore the tight control of harmful algal blooms by meteorological
forcing, hydrology, and sediment nutrient input in this shallow lagoonal estuary. 相似文献
907.
This paper presents an application of rock engineering system (RES) in an attempt to reveal and assess the inherent instability
potential of 388 sites where equivalent landslides have been manifested and recorded in the region of Karditsa County, Greece.
The main objective has been defining the principal causative and triggering factors responsible for the manifestation of landslide
phenomena, quantify their interactions, obtain their weighted coefficients, and calculate the instability index, which refers
to the inherent potential instability of each natural slope of the examined region. From the statistical interpretation of
the data reported in a well-documented database and concerning the examined failure sites, a clear correlation between the
instability index and the area affected by a single landslide event has been revealed. Almost the entire failure sites, 98%
of the examined slope sites, exhibit an instability index value over 55, a value which is thought to be a critical threshold
for landslide manifestation concerning natural slopes in Karditsa County. It is argued that the presented RES methodology,
engaging the selected set of parameters, could be considered as an effective expert's tool for ranking, in an objectively
optimal and simple way, the instability potential of natural slopes in Karditsa County, and thus providing a tool for sound
zoning landslide hazard. 相似文献
908.
Stephen V. Smith Silvia E. Ibarra-Obando Victoria Díaz-Castañeda Francisco Javier Aranda-Manteca José D. Carriquiry Brian N. Popp Oscar Gonzalez-Yajimovich 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(4):719-727
Sediment grain size and organic carbon (OC) data collected over the past 50 years, together with δ13C values of OC in recently collected samples, were analyzed to improve understanding of sediment OC distribution and abundance in Todos Santos Bay. Sediments in the submarine canyon at the mouth of the bay and in quiet-water locations along the shore are fine grained, high in OC, and have generally low δ13C values; sediments in high-energy environments are low in OC and have high δ13C values. A bivariate isotopic mixing model indicates that none of the sediments contain >50% terrigenous OC (average ~30%), and that the terrigenous OC content of the sediments is a small proportion of the OC content of local soils. Sediment OC composition is apparently controlled by energy-related sorting and deposition, oxidation of much of the original terrigenous OC, and replacement of some terrigenous OC by marine OC. 相似文献
909.
910.
Assessment of cement’s dust impact on the soil using principal component analysis and GIS 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Z. Zerrouqi M. Sbaa Ph.D. M. Oujidi Ph.D. M. Elkharmouz S. Bengamra A. Zerrouqi 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2008,5(1):125-134
To evaluate the impact of the cement’s dust emitted by the eastern Moroccan cement factory (Oujda Holcim) and deposited on the soil of the Ain Lahjar commune, 58 samples of soil were collected around the factory on a radius of 3 km approximately. The physicochemical analyses of the upper 3 cm of the soil surface samples correspond to the pH, electrical conductivity, the chlorides and the oxides of Ca, Al, Fe, K, Mn, S and Si which were analyzed by the fluorescence of X-rays. The preliminary results demonstrate that this dust are especially basic and contain a high free lime (43% CaO). The principal component analysis (applied on the 58 samples of soil) allows deducting that the free lime and the sulfur oxide are the tracer elements of this form of pollution. Furthermore, the spatial projection of the factor scores of the principal component analysis using the geographical information system permits to determine the spatial distribution of more polluted areas of soils as well as to estimate their surface (63.3% of the survey zone). 相似文献