Reconstructing P–T paths during continental collision using multi-stage garnet (Gran Paradiso nappe, Western Alps)

Garnet–chloritoid-bearing micaschists from the Gran Paradiso massif (Western Alps) contain evidence of a polymetamorphic evolution. Detailed textural observations reveal that two stages of garnet growth are present in the micaschists, interpreted as: (i) relics of an early metamorphism of pre-Alpine age and (ii) newly grown Alpine garnet, respectively. Both generations of garnet preserve growth zoning. From thermocalc -based numerical modelling of mineral assemblages in pressure–temperature ( P – T ) pseudosections, we infer that garnet 1 grew at increasing temperature and slightly increasing pressure, whereas garnet 2 grew at decreasing pressure and slightly increasing temperature. Estimated P – T conditions are ∼620 °C, 6 kbar for the peak of the pre-Alpine event, and of 490 °C, 18–20 kbar for the pressure peak of the Alpine event. Modelling of the modal proportion and chemical composition of garnet (i) shows that the subsequent decompression (to 14–15 kbar at 550 °C) must have been accompanied by moderate heating and (ii) does not support a stage of final temperature increase following decompressional cooling. This argues against a late thermal pulse associated with mantle delamination. Preservation of growth zoning in both generations of garnet and the limited amount of diffusive re-equilibration at the boundary between the two garnets suggests that the rocks were subjected to fast burial and exhumation rates, consistent with data obtained from other internal Alpine units.     

常压酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地球化学勘查样品中的铌钽

常压酸溶法因溶矿效率高、成本低、检出限低,在地质实验室被广泛应用,但采用常用的氢氟酸-硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸四酸法处理样品,铌钽溶出率低,铌钽在容器壁发生水解和聚合反应导致其部分吸附或沉降,从而使测试结果偏低。因此,应用常压酸溶-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析地球化学勘查样品中的铌钽,需要解决的两个关键问题是铌钽的溶出率和试液中铌钽的水解。针对溶出率的不足,本方法在酸体系中引入硫酸,即氢氟酸-硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸-硫酸可以完全将铌钽溶出;针对水解,采用5%氢氟酸-5%硫酸-5%过氧化氢为提取剂,并采取与样品前处理相同分析流程的标准物质制作曲线,这两个方法相结合能有效抑制样品溶液中铌钽的水解,同时标准物质制作曲线法降低了ICP-MS分析中的样品溶液与标准溶液基体不一致引起的误差。本方法经国家标准物质验证,相对误差小于±7%,相对标准偏差在3.11%~6.27%之间(n=11),铌钽的检出限分别为0.04μg/g和0.03μg/g,相比于碱熔法检出限0.33μg/g具有明显优势,可以准确测定地球化学勘查样品中的铌钽。     

广西西大明山弄屯铅锌矿床的成矿流体特征及矿床成因指示意义

弄屯矿床发育在华南钦杭成矿带西南端广西境内,它是近年来广西在大规模找矿勘查中新发现的一处大型铅锌矿床。野外地质调查发现,弄屯矿床铅锌矿体主要呈脉状和似层状充填于断裂破碎带中,矿体产状严格受断裂控制,矿体及围岩中硅化和碳酸盐化蚀变大量发育。依据矿物组合及脉体穿插关系,矿床中的热液流体活动可划分为4个阶段:石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅰ)、闪锌矿-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅱ)、铅锌硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)和碳酸盐阶段(Ⅳ)。流体包裹体岩相学观察表明,矿床中主要发育气液两相包裹体和单相水溶液包裹体,仅在Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段出现少量富气相包裹体。显微测温分析表明,由早阶段至晚阶段流体包裹体均-温度和盐度逐步降低,分别为276~342℃(Ⅰ)、209~301℃(Ⅱ)、140~272℃(Ⅲ)和116~172℃(Ⅳ),对应盐度ω(NaCl_(eq))分别为8.81%~15.07%(Ⅰ)、5.26%~11.58%(Ⅱ)、3.23%~9.98%(Ⅲ)和0.88%~4.34%(Ⅳ)。与国内外典型铅锌矿床的流体包裹体参数对比,弄屯矿床的成矿流体特征与SEDEX型、MVT和Skam型铅锌矿床明显不同,而与热液脉型矿床十分相似,结合该矿床产于细碎屑岩建造并且受断裂构造控制等一系列的证据,将弄屯矿床定为热液脉型铅锌矿床。氢同位素(δD=-97‰~-54‰)和氧同位素(δ~(18)O_(H_2O)=0.98‰~3.83‰)证据指示,成矿期流体与岩浆源流体具有一定的亲缘关系。从早成矿阶段到晚成矿阶段,成矿流体的温度、盐度出现同步降低的演化趋势,暗示了岩浆源流体与天水流体的混合作用可能是矿质沉淀的主要机制。     

三峡库区望霞危岩体变形破坏过程的综合监测与险情预报

三峡库区巫山县望霞危岩体于2010年及2011年两次发生大面积变形破坏,采用全站仪、裂缝位移、GPS等方法对危岩体进行了长期的变形监测,并通过地质基础的调查、监测方案的设计、监测数据的处理、宏观现象的分析,两次成功地对危岩体的垮塌变形实现了预警预报,避免了重大伤亡。研究结果显示,危岩体具有渐变和突变两种类型,在不同的变形阶段应采用相应的监测方法和监测频率,应以地质调查为基础,以监测危岩体关键部位为原则,监测数据的分析要密切结合宏观现象,从后缘、崖壁、崖底全面把握危岩体变形趋势。提出危岩体的监测应做到"详调查、细部署、观现象、握趋势、准预报"5原则,即"望霞经验"。"望霞经验"可以为危岩体的监测工作提供参考。     

基于比值法的多源多时相数据城区变化检测

针对中、低分辨率影像采用常规分类方法进行变化检测无法取得理想效果的问题,本文提出了一种基于比值法的雷达数据和光学影像相结合的城市变化检测方法。该方法综合雷达数据和光学影像的优势,以赣州定南县为研究对象,首先利用比值法分别对两种数据源进行城市变化检测,然后通过分析城区地物目标散射特性,对多个时相变化情况进行真彩色合成,最后结合城市建设规划进行分析验证,从而完成城市实时动态变化检测。试验结果表明,利用多源多时相数据进行比值法可成功地提取出试验区域的变化信息,在城区建筑变化检测中,纹理信息更清晰,准确性更高。     

Tax and trade: a hybrid climate policy instrument to control carbon prices and emissions

This article describes a ‘tax and trade' emission regulations system that controls both emission costs and emission quantities. Emitters are taxed at a fixed price on carbon emissions and the government uses the tax revenue to buy carbon offsets on existing emissions markets. Unlike a traditional carbon tax, regulated firms may also produce carbon credits which may be sold to the government. Thus, the government bears the compliance cost risk rather than an individual firm and has control over the number of offsets purchased and the effective emission reduction. This unusual form of hybrid has potential political advantages of creating an economic incentive on corporate choices (at the margin) substantially greater than the actual trading price, and with lower financial transfers than in most schemes.

Policy relevance

The article presents a hybrid carbon emissions system that adds to the growing discussion of hybrid policy instruments which could be implemented by policy makers, particularly in nations without current cap and trade policies.