白斑综合征病毒对脊尾白虾的致病性研究

2010年、2011年江苏沿海多数地方海水养殖中发生了脊尾白虾大规模死亡的现象,本课题通过对患暴发性流行病的脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)进行病毒分子生物学检测,发现病虾体内白斑综合征病毒(White Spot Syndrome Virus,简称WSSV)检测普遍呈阳性;应用发病虾组织制备的病毒粗提液,进行了人工感染实验,实验表明该病毒对脊尾白虾具有较强的致病性,可引起68.5%的死亡率。电镜结果表明,发病虾与感染病虾鳃及肝胰脏等组织器官都发生了相同的细胞病理变化,主要表现为细胞核内染色质边聚、线粒体肿胀、内嵴消失等一系列细胞病理变化,在其细胞核与细胞质中发现了具有单层囊膜结构的对虾白斑综合征病毒粒子,病毒粒子大小约为(130~170)nm×(305~405)nm,核衣壳呈子弹形,一端较细另一端较粗,完整病毒粒子由核心、衣壳和囊膜构成,分子生物学实验表明该病毒为WSSV。实验结果符合柯赫氏法则,可以初步推断WSSV感染脊尾白虾并与引发的大规模死亡有着直接关系。     

风云二号F星发射成功，乌鲁木齐气象卫星地面站积极配合

利用吉木乃县1961-2010年的积温和小麦产量资料,对日平均气温稳定通过0℃、10℃的初日、终日、初终间日数、积温的变化特征进行了分析;运用相关分析法探讨了生长期积温对小麦产量的影响。结果表明：近50年吉木乃县的积温变化是明显的,积温显著增多,≥0℃积温变率为83.7℃/10a,≥10℃积温变率为57.5℃/10a;稳定通过0℃和10℃界限温度初日提前、终日推后,初终间日数均呈增加的趋势。春夏季积温与春小麦产量的相关关系显著,当0℃积温距平每增加1℃时,小麦产量将增加0.15%;当10℃积温距平每增加1℃时,产量将增加0.12% 。积温变化使小麦冻害减轻,但干旱、干热风危害加大。     

IMPACTS OF UPPER-LEVEL COLD VORTEX ON THE RAPID CHANGE OF INTENSITY AND MOTION OF TYPHOON MERANTI (2010)

Typhoon Meranti originated over the western North Pacific off the south tip of the Taiwan Island in 2010.It moved westward entering the South China Sea,then abruptly turned north into the Taiwan Strait,got intensified on its way northward,and eventually made landfall on Fujian province.In its evolution,there was a northwest-moving cold vortex in upper troposphere to the south of the Subtropical High over the western North Pacific(hereafter referred to as the Subtropical High).In this paper,the possible impacts of this cold vortex on Meranti in terms of its track and intensity variation is investigated using typhoon best track data from China Meteorological Administration,analyses data of 0.5×0.5 degree provided by the global forecasting system of National Centers for Environmental Prediction,GMS satellite imagery and Taiwan radar data.Results show as follows:(1)The upper-level cold vortex was revolving around the typhoon anticlockwise from its east to its north.In the early stage,due to the blocking of the cold vortex,the role of the Subtropical High to steer Meranti was weakened,which results in the looping of the west-moving typhoon.However,when Meranti was coupled with the cold vortex in meridional direction,the northerly wind changed to the southerly at the upper level of the typhoon;at the same time the Subtropical High protruded westward and its southbound steering flow gained strength,and eventually created an environment in which the southerly winds in both upper and lower troposphere suddenly steered Meranti to the north;(2)The change of airflow direction above the typhoon led to a weak vertical wind shear,which in return facilitated the development of Meranti.Meanwhile,to the east of typhoon Meranti,the overlapped southwesterly jets in upper and lower atmosphere accelerated its tangential wind and contributed to its cyclonic development;(3)The cold vortex not only supplied positive vorticity to the typhoon,but also transported cold advection to its outer bands.In conjunction with the warm and moist air masses at the lower levels,the cold vortex increased the vertical instability in the atmosphere,which was favorable for convection development within the typhoon circulation,and its warmer center was enhanced through latent heat release;(4)Vertical vorticity budget averaged over the typhoon area further shows that the intensification of a typhoon vorticity column mainly depends on horizontal advection of its high-level vorticity,low-level convergence,uneven wind field distribution and its convective activities.     

Deformation of lower-mantle ferropericlase (Mg,Fe)O across the electronic spin transition

Recent high-pressure studies have shown that an electronic spin transition of iron in ferropericlase, an expected major phase of Earth’s lower mantle, results in changes in its properties, including density, incompressibility, radiative thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and sound velocities. To understand the rheology of ferropericlase across the spin transition, we have used in situ radial X-ray diffraction techniques to examine ferropericlase, (Mg_0.83,Fe_0.17)O, deformed non-hydrostatically in a diamond cell up to 81 GPa at room temperature. Compared with recent quasi-hydrostatic studies, the range of the spin transition is shifted by approximately 20 GPa as a result of the presence of large differential stress in the sample. We also observed a reduction in incompressibility and in the unit cell volume of 3% across the spin transition. Our radial X-ray diffraction results show that the {0 0 1} texture is the dominant lattice preferred orientation in ferropericlase across the spin transition and in the low-spin state. Viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal plasticity simulations suggest that this preferred orientation pattern is produced by {1 1 0}<1–10> slip. Analyzing our radial X-ray diffraction patterns using lattice strain theory, we evaluated the lattice d-spacings of ferropericlase and Mo as a function of the ψ angle between the compression direction and the diffracting plane normal. These analyses give the ratio between the uniaxial stress component (t) and the shear modulus (G) under constant stress condition, which represents a proxy for the supported differential stress and elastic strength. This ratio in the mixed-spin and low-spin states is lower than what is expected from previous studies of high-spin ferropericlase, indicating that the spin transition results in a reduced differential stress and elastic strength along with the volume reduction. The influence of the spin transition on the differential stress and strength of ferropericlase is expected to be less dominant across the wide spin transition zone at high pressure–temperature conditions relevant to the lower mantle.     

Structural Characteristics and Formation Mechanism in the Micangshan Foreland,South China

Lying at the junction of the Dabashan, Longmenshan and Qinling mountains, the Micangshan Orogenic Belt coupled with a basin is a duplex structure and back-thrust triangular belt with little horizontal displacement, small thrust faults and continuous sedimentary cover. On the basis of 3D seismic data, and through sedimentary and structural research, the Micangshan foreland can be divided into five subbelts, which from north to south are: basement thrust, frontal thrust, foreland depression-back-thrust triangle, foreland fold belt or anticline belt, and the Tongjiang Depression. Along the direction of strike from west to east, the arcuate structural belt of Micangshan can be divided into west, middle and east segments. During the collision between the Qinling and Yangtze plates, the Micangshan Orogenic Belt was subjected to the interaction of three rigid terranes: Bikou, Foping, and Fenghuangshan (a.k.a. Ziyang) terranes. The collision processes of rigid terranes controlled the structural development of the Micangshan foreland, which are: (a) the former collision between the Micangshan-Hannan and Bikou terranes forming the earlier rudiments of the structure; and (b) the later collision forming the main body of the structural belt. The formation processes of the Micangshan Orogenic Belt can be divided into four stages: (1) in the early stage of the Indosinian movement, the Micangshan-Hannan Rigid Terrane was jointed to the Qinling Plate by the clockwise subduction of the Yangtze Plate toward the Qinling Plate; (2) since the late Triassic, the earlier rudiments of the Tongnanba and Jiulongshan anticlines and corresponding syncline were formed by compression from different directions of the Bikou, Foping and Micangshan-Hannan terranes; (3) in the early stage of the Himalayan movement, the Micangshan-Hannan Terrane formed the Micangshan Nappe torwards the foreland basin and the compression stresses were mainly concentrated along both its flanks, whereas the Micangshan-Hannan Terrane wedged into the Qinling Orogenic Belt with force; (4) in the late stage of the Himalayan movement, the main collision of the Qinling Plate made the old basement rocks of the terrane uplift quickly, to form the Micangshan Orogenic Belt. The Micangshan foreland arcuate structure was formed due to the non-homogeneity of terrane movement.     

利用自生伊利石激光加热~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar定年技术探讨惠州凹陷新近系油气充注时间

油气成藏年代学是新兴的学科发展方向。烃类充注之后,砂岩储层中自生伊利石停止生长,故可利用自生伊利石的年龄来推断储集层中油气藏形成的最老年龄。砂岩样品中存在的有机质在质谱仪离子源中产生的覆盖40Ar峰的有机碎片离子m/e36-m/e40将导致错误的同位素分析和年龄谱结果。经预处理后的伊利石样品加热后在质谱仪离子源中确实产生了有机碎片离子m/e36-m/e44,为获得可靠的分析结果,必须完全清除有机杂质气体。在攻克了有机杂质气体纯化技术之后,笔者开展了珠江口盆地惠州凹陷内3个富油气二级构造带油气藏砂岩自生伊利石40Ar-39Ar法定年研究,采取样品清洗、循环冷冻—加热法破碎样品、经苯-甲醇混合试剂洗油、采用离心机分离粘土矿物。自生伊利石激光阶段加热40Ar-39Ar定年最初低温阶段综合年龄结果表明,惠州凹陷珠海组和珠江组自生伊利石加权平均年龄分别为(12.1±1.1)Ma和(9.9±1.2)Ma,惠州凹陷新近系油气成藏关键时间为10Ma左右。结合该区断裂发育史、油气成藏组合和流体包裹体均一化温度等资料进一步分析认为,中中新世末—晚中新世末的晚期断层活化加强了新近系油气的成藏。     

“深时”（Deep Time）研究与沉积学

近百年来全球气候正在经历一次以变暖为主要特征的显著变化,人类文明的发展迫切要求我们对这种变化的发展趋势及其环境与资源效应有更加深入的了解。仅仅对现代和第四纪气候研究是有局限性的,全面了解地球表层及气候系统需要研究整个地质历史时期地球表层系统的发展演化。基于这样一种需求,从沉积记录研究前第四纪地质历史时期的地球古气候变化及重大地质事件,并为未来气候预测提供依据的“深时”（Deep Time）研究计划在国际地球科学界逐渐形成。“深时”研究将聚焦地球气候系统中的重大科学问题,通过地质历史时期极端气候事件探讨气候变化的极限和速率、大气成分和大洋成分变化、大气环流和大洋环流以及生物圈、固体地球与太阳的联系等,最终揭示地球气候系统与地球系统的联系。“深时”研究将通过解译、定年和模拟的基本方法,发展完善大陆科学钻探项目,获得保存良好、高分辨率的沉积记录是重中之重。可以预见,“深时”研究将与“深空”（Deep Space）、“深海”（Deep Sea）和“深部”（Deep Interior）研究计划一样,成为未来国际和国内地球科学重大研究领域。同时,在开展“深时”研究过程中,沉积学也将扮演核心学科的角色发挥重要的作用。     

一株黑曲霉对磷矿石的风化作用

以一株分离于植物根际土壤且有较强溶磷能力的真菌研究其对磷矿石的风化作用。对该菌株的ITS序列进行PCR扩增及序列测定后,再结合该菌株的形态特征对其进行鉴定,结果为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)。用ICP-OES测定培养液中的Ca2+浓度,磷钼比色法测定可溶性磷的含量,电子探针、透射电镜和能谱仪分析菌株作用后的残留物。培养液中的Ca2+浓度由第3天的10.02mg/L增加到第30天的217.61mg/L,可溶性磷的浓度由第3天的5.37mg/L增加到第30天的921.37mg/L;风化过程中形成了大量的次生矿物草酸钙,大分子有机物形成的生物膜以及菌丝体穿插破坏矿物颗粒促进磷矿石的风化。表明该菌株对磷矿石有较强的风化能力,黑曲霉生长产生的生物物理破坏作用和胞外分泌物的生化降解作用是引起磷矿石风化的主要因素。     

小乔木根系根土间作用力的室外拉拔试验研究

小乔木根系在边坡生态防护中具有相当高的比例,研究土壤贫瘠小乔木根系的护坡机理及影响因素,对进一步提高或改进边坡生态防护技术具有理论和实际意义。在综合国内外相关研究成果的基础上,通过室外拉拔试验研究了红黏土边坡湿地松根系在大气降雨、含水率、根系几何参数等变动情况下根系对坡面土体加固能力的影响。试验结果表明强降雨条件下,表层土体的含水率大于深层土体的含水率,含根土体含水率大于素土含水率,表明小乔木根系有助于坡面土的雨水入渗;最大拉拔力随含水率的增加表现为单调递减或在最优含水率附近最大的先增大后减小的趋势,两者间为二次函数的关系;最大拉拔力随根系体积的增加总体表现单调递增,但在含水率为22%和24%时,最大拉拔力随根系体积的增加先减小后增大;植物根系在不同体积或含水率下,拉拔力-位移曲线波动较大。     

贵州铜仁地区页岩气钻井施工难点及对策

在贵州铜仁地区施工页岩气地质调查井,因地层构造较复杂,上部灰岩地层岩溶、溶隙发育,在钻井过程中存在井壁易垮塌、掉块卡钻,井内漏失严重,供水困难等难点。秀页2井设计井深1900 m,由于钻井液漏失严重,水泥浆封孔堵漏过程中发生掉块卡钻事故,处理无果导致钻井中途报废。移机重新开始,采用较大口径开孔、多级绳索取心钻进、分段水泥堵漏、多层套管护壁的方案,顺利终孔。本文重点从水泥封孔堵漏方面总结该孔的钻井技术经验,为该区域页岩气井施工提供参考。