中心地理论创新与发展的基本视角和框架

中心地理论是城市地理学揭示规律、解决问题的重要方法之一。面对时代发展、社会转型、技术进步及其带来的城市与区域巨变, 中心地理论需要创新发展。首先, 突破中心地理论的严苛假设、忽视系统动态性和自然-人文要素综合性的固有缺陷, 拓宽其普适性。其次, 以动态的和联系的眼光审视中心地系统外部条件、内部要素和组织形式与机制变化, 从中发现理论创新的视角。包括人口再分布, 城市体系重组, 全球产业网络兴起等宏观背景变化的视角;现代交通条件、信息技术发展、技术革新、体制变革等影响要素和机制变化的视角;全球城市网络形成, 城市带、群、链迅速聚合, 底层中心地重构等中心地系统组织形式新变革的视角;RS、GIS和现代统计手段应用的视角。再次, 中心地理论创新与发展有必要从“肢解”阶段进入到整体完善过程, 构建创新与发展的基本框架:①以指导实际应用, 形成理论和研究范式为创新和发展的目标;②以中心性测度新模型、严苛条件缓和、动态中心地系统、中心地系统畸变模式、中心地扩散域的空间嵌套等为创新和发展的核心内容;③突破自然-人文耦合要素对中心地系统影响机理及模型化表达, 现代中心地系统空间图景, 动态开放的现代中心地系统建设等重点问题。     

南水北调中线通水后北京新增生态环境效益初评

通过北京市南水北调水利用情况及北京市2014—2016年林木生长增加量、城市绿地增加量等方面的了解,对水质改善、密云水库水域面积、固碳释氧、净化空气、涵养水源、防止水土流失等方面,进行初步评价,得出南水北调中线一期工程通水以来,北京市因南水利用而增加的生态环境经济效益累计约37.7917亿元。可见南水在解决供水困境和缓解地下水严重超采的情况下,为北京市生态环境恢复也带来了巨大的效益。     

辽宁省港口城市地带空间结构及区域作用研究

以辽宁省港口城市地带作为研究对象,从区域作用格局和内部空间组织两方面考察其空间结构。引入场强模型,以城市综合实力水平和最短时间距离为评价变量,通过区域作用力的评价反映港口城市的区域作用格局;运用网络分析方法,通过β指数、γ指数和α指数分析构建港口城市内部空间组织拓扑结构来反映港口城市地带内部组织结构。研究结果:①区域作用格局可将辽宁省港口城市区域作用划分为实力型、区位型和弱势型3种类型;②内部空间组织结构上,丹东空间联系能力相对较好,大连、营口、盘锦、锦州空间联系能力各有侧重,葫芦岛能力较差;③大连市在港口城市地带中处于核心地位,带动6市协调互动共同形成和发挥对外窗口的作用。     

Internal differentiation of Kutsugata lava flow from Rishiri Volcano,Japan: Processes and timescales of segregation structures' formation

Internal differentiation processes in a solidifying lava flow were investigated for the Kutsugata lava flow from Rishiri Volcano in northern Japan. In a representative 6-m thick lava flow that was investigated in detail in this study, segregation products darker than the host lavas manifested mainly in the form of pipes (vesicle cylinders) and layers (vesicle sheets), occurring around 0.5–2.3 m and 2.0–4.0 m above the base, respectively. Both the cylinders and sheets are significantly richer in incompatible elements such as TiO₂ and K₂O than the host lavas, which suggest that these products essentially represent residual melt produced during solidification of the lava flow. Field observation and the geochemical features of the lavas suggest that the vesicle cylinders grew upward from near the base of the flow by continuous feeding of residual melt from the neighboring host lavas to the heads of the cylinders. On the other hand, the vesicle sheets were produced in situ in the solidifying lava flow as fracture veins caused by horizontal compression. The vesicle cylinders have a remarkably higher MgO content (up to 8 wt.%) than the host lava (< 6 wt.%), whereas the vesicle sheets display MgO depletion (as low as 3.5 wt.%). The relatively high MgO content of the vesicle cylinders cannot be explained solely by the mechanical mixing of olivine phenocrysts with the residual melt. It is suggested that the vesicle cylinders were produced by the extraction of olivine-bearing interstitial melt from an augite-plagioclase network in the host lava, whereas the vesicle sheets were formed by the migration of the residual melt from a crystal network consisting of plagioclase, augite, and olivine in the host lava into platy fractures. We infer that this selective crystal fractionation for forming the vesicle cylinders resulted from processes in which abundant vesicles rejected from the upward-migrating floor solidification front prevented olivine crystals from being incorporated into the crystal network in the host lava. The vesicle cylinders are considered to have formed in ∼ 1 day after the lava flow came to rest, while relatively large vesicle sheets (> 1 cm thick) appeared much later (after ∼ 9 days). The formation of these segregation products was essentially complete within 20 days after the lava emplacement.     

Statistical diagnosis and gross error test for semiparametric linear model

This paper systematically studies the statistical diagnosis and hypothesis testing for the semiparametric linear regression model according to the theories and methods of the statistical diagnosis and hypothesis testing for parametric regression model. Several diagnostic measures and the methods for gross error testing are derived. Especially, the global and local influence analysis of the gross error on the parameter X and the nonparameter s are discussed in detail; at the same time, the paper proves that the data point deletion model is equivalent to the mean shift model for the semiparametric regression model. Finally, with one simulative computing example, some helpful conclusions are drawn.     

DSQ水管仪和SSQ-2I水平摆效能对比研究

SSQ-2I型水平摆仪器和DSQ水管仪同属倾斜类前兆仪器,两者观测原理不同,但观测物理量一致.相对于水管仪而言,SSQ-2I型水平摆属于新型仪器,有关其运行效能的评价很少.延庆地震台从2007年开始两种仪器同场地观测,通过年变幅度、滤波残差、周期分析、Venedikov调和分析、相关性分析、抗干扰能力等角度,对两种仪器...     

Gas seepage from Tokamachi mud volcanoes, onshore Niigata Basin (Japan): Origin, post-genetic alterations and CH4-CO2 fluxes

Methane and CO₂ emissions from the two most active mud volcanoes in central Japan, Murono and Kamou (Tokamachi City, Niigata Basin), were measured in from both craters or vents (macro-seepage) and invisible exhalation from the soil (mini- and microseepage). Molecular and isotopic compositions of the released gases were also determined. Gas is thermogenic (δ¹³C_CH4 from −32.9‰ to −36.2‰), likely associated with oil, and enrichments of ¹³C in CO₂ (δ¹³C_CO2 up to +28.3‰) and propane (δ¹³C_C3H8 up to −8.6‰) suggest subsurface petroleum biodegradation. Gas source and post-genetic alteration processes did not change from 2004 to 2010. Methane flux ranged within the orders of magnitude of 10¹-10⁴ g m⁻² d⁻¹ in macro-seeps, and up to 446 g m⁻² d⁻¹ from diffuse seepage. Positive CH₄ fluxes from dry soil were widespread throughout the investigated areas. Total CH₄ emission from Murono and Kamou were estimated to be at least 20 and 3.7 ton a⁻¹, respectively, of which more than half was from invisible seepage surrounding the mud volcano vents. At the macro-seeps, CO₂ fluxes were directly proportional to CH₄ fluxes, and the volumetric ratios between CH₄ flux and CO₂ flux were similar to the compositional CH₄/CO₂ volume ratio. Macro-seep flux data, in addition to those of other 13 mud volcanoes, supported the hypothesis that molecular fractionation (increase of the “Bernard ratio” C₁/(C₂ + C₃)) is inversely proportional to gas migration fluxes. The CH₄ “emission factor” (total measured output divided by investigated seepage area) was similar to that derived in other mud volcanoes of the same size and activity. The updated global “emission-factor” data-set, now including 27 mud volcanoes from different countries, suggests that previous estimates of global CH₄ emission from mud volcanoes may be significantly underestimated.     

Mineralogy,major and trace element geochemistry of riverbed sediments in the headwaters of the Yangtze,Tongtian River and Jinsha River

We collected riverbed sediments of the headwaters of the Yangtze River (Chumaer River, Tuotuo River, Gaerqu River and Buqu River), Tongtian River and Jinsha River (HTJR) flowing on the eastern Tibetan Plateau and analyzed their mineralogical features, major and trace element contents. The results show: (i) very poor correlations of Na₂O, K₂O, CaO, Ba, and Sr to SiO₂, LREE to Th, HREE to Hf, and Ta/La to Ti, and characteristics of Eu anomaly (the ratios of (Eu/Eu^*)_N range from 0.60 to 0.83 with an average value of 0.71) all indicate that the Jinsha River sediments have not undergone much mineralogical sorting; (ii) illite and chlorite are predominant clay minerals, and quartz, calcite, dolomite, albite, and K-feldspar are prevailing non-clay minerals. The characteristics of mineral assemblage indicate relatively weak chemical weathering degree in these river basins; (iii) very high contents of Fe₂O₃, MgO, TiO₂, Sc, V, Cr, Co, and Ni at Panzhihua mainly result from the huge-sized V–Ti magnetite deposits occurred in layered gabbroic intrusion; and (iv) the chemical alteration index (CIA) in the HTJR ranges from 46.5 to 69.2 and with an average value of 60.5 which indicates relatively weak weathering degree.