Simulating the influence of various nutrient sources on hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary

Hypoxia is increasingly reported off the Changjiang River Estuary with the confluence of multiple high volume nutrient sources. The Regional Ocean Modeling System coupled with a biological model was used to analyze the effect of different nutrient sources on the development of hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary. By comparing to observed data, our model suitably captured the regional dynamics of chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient concentration. A series of sensitivity experiments were conducted to investigate the hypoxia response to the various nutrient sources, such as loading from the Changjiang River, Kuroshio and Taiwan Warm Current. Our model results indicated that nutrients from different sources significantly influenced the hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary, and it was mostly affected by nutrients sourced from the Kuroshio. The nutrients input from the Changjiang River had larger impacts on the hypoxia in the north of 30°N than that in the south of 30°N. The nutrients sourced from the Taiwan Strait had a least influence on the hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary.     

环境规制能否促进黄河流域要素效能发挥？

黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展已上升为国家战略。作为经济高质量发展的微观基础,在环境约束下要素效能充分发挥就显得至关重要。根据马克思主义政治经济学,要素效能由要素质量与要素效率有机构成,前者是要素效能发挥的必然前提,后者是要素效能发挥的内在要求。基于环境规制影响要素质量与要素效率的作用机理,采用面板固定效应模型与中介效应模型实证分析了2008—2019年黄河流域环境规制对要素效能发挥的影响。结果表明：（1）环境规制通过人口集聚实现要素质量升级,通过产业结构优化促进要素效率提高,并在二者的共同作用下促进要素效能发挥。（2）环境规制与要素质量升级、要素效率提高、要素效能发挥均呈现先抑制后促进的“U型”关系。（3）环境规制对要素效能发挥的促进作用存在经济发展水平与城市规模异质性。在经济发展水平高的地区,环境规制显著促进要素效能发挥;经济发展水平较低或城市规模较小的地区,环境规制先抑制后促进要素效能发挥,二者呈“U”型关系;在城市规模较大的地区,二者关系不显著。研究结果为黄河流域从微观要素层面促进经济高质量发展指明方向,对落实黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展战略具有积极意义。     

Spatiotemporal variations of water use efficiency and its driving factors in Inner Mongolia from 2001 to 2020

Water use efficiency (WUE) is an important variable to explore coupled relationships in carbon and water cycles. In this study, we first compared the spatial variations of annual gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) using four GPP and ET products. Second, we selected the products closest to the flux towers data to estimate WUE. Finally, we quantitatively analyzed the impact of climate change and soil water content on WUE. The results showed that: (1) Four GPP and ET products provided good performance, with GOSIF-GPP and FLDAS-ET exhibiting a higher correlation and the smallest errors with the flux tower data. (2) The spatial pattern of WUE is consistent with that of GPP and ET, gradually decreasing from the northeast to the southwest. Higher WUE values appeared in the northeast forest ecosystem, and lower WUE values occurred in the western Gobi Desert, with a value of 0.28 gC m^?2 mm^?1. The GPP and ET products showed an increasing trend, while WUE showed a decreasing trend (55.15%) from 2001 to 2020. (3) The spatial relationship between WUE and driving factors reveal the variations in WUE of Inner Mongolia are mainly affected by soil moisture between 0 and 10 cm (SM0-10cm), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and precipitation, respectively. (4) In arid regions, VPD and precipitation exhibit a major influence on WUE. An increase in VPD and precipitation has a negative and positive effect on WUE, with threshold values of approximately 0.36 kPa and 426 mm, respectively. (5) In humid regions, SM0-10cm, VPD, SM10-40cm, and SM40-100cm exert a significant impact on WUE, especially SM0-10cm, and weakens with increasing soil depths, these differences may be related to physiological structure and living characteristics of vegetation types in different climate regimes. Our results emphasize the importance of VPD and soil moisture in regional variability in WUE.     

Effects of oxytetracycline dihydrate and sulfamethoxazole on Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlamydomonas microsphaera

The increasing use of pharmaceuticals has become a major environmental issue in China.The presence of antibiotics in water may have deleterious effects on non-target aquatic organisms such as microalgae.In this study,a cyanobacterium and an alga species in surface waters,Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlamydomonas microsphaera,were exposed to 0,0.1,0.5,1.0,2.0,5.0,10.0,and 20.0 mg/L of oxytetracycline dihydrate(OXY) and sulfamethoxazole(SMZ) for 96 h to determine the effects of these antibiotics on the growth and surface morphology.Moreover,the photosynthetic activity and the contents of superoxide dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA),and protein were measured to examine the biochemical characteristics of M.aeruginosa and C.microsphaera under OXY and SMZ stress.The effects of both antibiotics on the growth of both species were concentration-dependent and characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition.C.microsphaera was more sensitive to both antibiotics than M.aeruginosa was.The algal cell membranes of both species disintegrated after exposure to a high concentration of OXY.All of the physiological parameters measured in this study were relatively stable at low concentrations of OXY and SMZ.After exposure to high concentrations of OXY and SMZ,photosynthetic activity decreased significantly,whereas lipid peroxidation and the abundance of SOD,MDA,and protein increased significantly.Thus,low-dose antibiotics may increase algal blooms in eutrophic waters.     

盐胁迫对红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)种子吸胀过程中生理特性的影响

以0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%、3.0%的NaCl和CaCl2溶液处理红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)种子,探讨了两种盐胁迫对种子吸胀过程中生理特性的影响及对种子的伤害程度。结果表明:红砂种子发芽率随两种盐胁迫的加剧极显著下降。种子丙二醛(MDA)含量在NaCl溶液胁迫后先下降后上升,在盐溶液浓度为1.0%时达到最小值,在2.5%处达到最大值;经不同浓度的CaCl2溶液胁迫后,MDA含量呈上升趋势,且均高于对照,最大值出现在3.0%处;种子内可溶性糖含量随NaCl和CaCl2溶液浓度的增大先下降后上升,分别在盐溶液浓度为1.0%和2.0%时达到最小值;种子过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化较小;过氧化物酶(POD)活性随两种盐浓度的增加显著降低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性随两种盐溶液浓度的增加先下降再上升又下降,但总体低于对照。经综合分析得出,CaCl2对红砂种子的伤害程度大于NaCl。     

Zoospore-derived monoecious gametophytes in Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyceae)

The annual life cycle of the brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifi da(Harvey)Suringer comprises a macroscopic diploid sporophyte stage and a microscopic haploid gametophyte stage.In 2011,an unusual zoospore-derived monoecious gametophyte isolate(designated as line 10-5-3)of U.pinnatifi da was observed.To understand this phenomenon,a comprehensive screening of eighty-two previously identifi ed male gametophyte cultures,isolated from three randomly selected cultivars(lines 10,7,and 5)was performed.Thirty-six of the isolates developed both antheridia and oogonia on the same fi lamentous fragment in a standard gametogenesis test(SGT: 18°C,60 μmol photons/(m 2·s)).Selfi ng of the monoecious gametophyte or crossing it with a normal male gametophyte both gave rise to morphologically normal sporophytic offspring.However,crossing resulted in a much higher fertilization rate(89.7%).The hybrid and selfed sporophytic offspring were grown to maturity in fl ow tanks at an ambient temperature of 10–18°C over a period of 69 days.Active zoospores were released from both types of mature sporophylls.The majority of these developed into male gametophytes,while 15%–20% developed into the observed monoecious structures on the same fi lament.Using PCR amplifi cation it was found that all the monoecious gametophyte isolates and the sporophytic offspring resulting from the selfi ng and crossing lacked the femalelinked microsatellite sequence(a part of the locus Up-AC-2A8,GenBank accession No.AY738602.1),indicating their male nature.U.pinnatifi da is an invasive species in some regions and the implications of the above fi ndings for this species in nature are briefl y discussed.     

褐藻纲海带目Laminaria属和Saccharina属基于三个分子标记的系统发育分析

In the past two decades, many studies have focused on the classification within genus Laminaria, ultimately trying to divide it into two subgroups or genera: Laminaria and Saccharina. A significant debate still surrounds the question of its division, as the conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses that have resulted from the classification studies are based on different taxon sampling, molecular markers, or analysis methods. It is aimed at elucidate the molecular phylogeny within Laminaria and Saccharina. The nine species of Laminariales are sampled from northern Asia and Europe, and 23 new sequences in the nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial genomes are determined to identify their taxonomic status. The phylogenetic analyses of 71 species are performed, including representatives from six of the seven families of the order Laminariales, based on three separate data sets. An evidence is provided to strongly support a clear split that maintains the two recognized genera, Laminaria and Saccharina, with Laminaria appearing to be the ancestor group. Further, analyses indicate that all taxa in Saccharina and Laminaria did not form a monophyletic lineage, instead Laminariaceae and Lessoniaceae grouped together interlacedly, and Costariaceae appeared as the sister taxon of the Lessoniaceae–Laminariaceae clade. In the phylogenetic analysis, mitochondrial c oxidase I(COI) sequences appeared to be the most credible molecular marker which was more befitting than nuclear encoded internal transcribed spacer(ITS) and plastid encoded rbcL for establishment of Laminariales systematics. It is the most comprehensive phylogeny of the order Laminariales, and contributes to an enhanced understanding and estimation of the phylogenetic relationships for the economically important seaweeds, Laminaria and Saccharina.     

南海北部深水区新生代岩浆岩分布规律及其与海底地质灾害的相关性

前人对南海北部新生代陆缘盆地结构、构造样式和期次等做了大量的研究工作,但对于具体体现内动力过程的岩浆活动关注较少,尤其是北部深水区的研究鲜有涉及。本文基于二维地震剖面的解译分析,将南海北部新生代岩浆岩划分为3个集中分布区:琼东南-西沙区、神狐区和东沙区。各区域岩浆岩的产出状态有所差异,其中琼东南-西沙区岩浆岩的平面展布规律性极强,主要受右行右阶的走滑断裂控制;神狐区岩浆岩位于NW向与NE向断裂的交汇处,侵位空间受先存断裂制约;东沙区岩浆岩的产生与东沙运动期间区域伸展过程有直接关系。作为内动力的表征,岩浆作用对于海底地形地貌具有重要的改造作用,与活动断裂、海底滑坡、浅层气等海底地质灾害也具有成因上的关联。