热岛环流的动力学分析

文中根据线性化的大气方程组求得了城市热岛环流的理论模式。利用此模式分析了温度场和流场的三维结构,并和观测结果做了对比。在解析解中,研究了大气条件诸如风速、湍流扩散系数、Ragleigh摩擦以及层结的影响,同时讨论了重力波对温度分布垂直结构的效应。     

层状侵入体的韵律层理成因

层状侵入体的一个典型的特征是具有隐导理和韵律层理，分析比较了前人提出的韵律层理形成的各种机制并结合对攀枝花层状侵入体的研究认为，层状侵入体的韵律层理的形成与成岩的压实作用关系密切，细粒韵律层理是由于颗粒大小的微小差别或矿物成分含量的逐渐增加和重复的再平衡所致，矿物成分含量的逐步增加和重复是通过在类似于奥斯特瓦尔德成熟的条件下循环溶解和晶体生长形成的，在影响层理形成的多种因素中，以对流作用，密度，粘度及岩浆房的几何形状等因素的研究较为详细，各研究者也存在较大分歧。     

SNT地区氡法勘查砂岩型铀矿的应用效果

为了减小我国北方隐盲型砂岩铀矿找矿中钻孔布设的盲目性,实现快速评价,在二连盆地SNT地区开展了土壤氡法寻找砂岩型铀矿工作。经测量数据的统计处理,在测区内固定了有一定规模的氡异常晕6个。通过氡异常评价并结合该区地质、地球物理和地球化学条件,预测了3个远景段,经钻探在其中的一个远景段中发现了砂岩型铀矿化,表明在我国北方中一新生代盆地中开展土壤氡法寻找隐盲型砂岩铀矿是有效且可行的。     

Anisotropic porothermoelastic solution and hydro‐thermal effects on fracture width in hydraulic fracturing

In this study, the effects of the temperature difference between hydraulic fracturing fluid and rock formation on the time‐dependent evolution of fracture width were investigated using a newly derived one‐dimensional anisotropic porothermoelastic analytical solution. The solution is shown to correctly reproduce existing solutions for special cases and corrections for an earlier publication are provided. An analysis of time‐dependent fracture width evolution using Woodford Shale data was also presented. It was found that when the fracturing fluid has the same temperature as the shale formation, the fracture gradually closes back after the initial opening due to the invasion of the fracturing fluid. Practically, in this scenario, proppants should be pumped into the fracture as soon as possible to obtain maximum fracture conductivity. On the other hand, with a fracturing fluid 60 °C colder than the formation, the thermal contraction of the rock dominates the fracture aperture evolution, resulting in a fracture aperture approximately 70% larger than that produced by the hotter fracturing fluid. Consequently, in this case, it is beneficial to delay proppant placement to take advantage of the widening fractures. Finally, it was found that the fracture aperture is directly controlled by the spacing of natural fractures. Therefore, the presence of natural fractures in the shale formation and their spacing influence not only the type of hydraulic fractures created but also what kind and size of proppants should be used to keep them open. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochemistry of rare earth elements in a marine influenced coal and its organic solvent extracts from the Antaibao mining district, Shanxi, China

Twenty-six samples including roof, bottom and coal plies of a marine influenced coal bed were collected from the Antaibao mining district, Shanxi, China. The rare earth elements (REEs) were determined in solids and organic solvent extracts. The distribution pattern showed three distinct patterns: shale-like, LREE-rich and HREE-rich. This is attributed to the variable microenvironment of peat-forming swamp, the degree of marine influences and different REE sources. REEs in the coal are mainly controlled by detrital minerals but also affected by seawater. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the organic solvent extracts are distinctly different from those of corresponding original coal samples, which show a negative Eu anomaly, a depletion of middle REEs and an enrichment of HREEs. The LREEs in coal extracts are likely adsorbed by hydrogen-containing functional groups, and HREEs are likely bonded to carbon atoms.     

Palaeo-hydrogeological control on groundwater As levels in Red River delta,Vietnam

To study the geological control on groundwater As concentrations in Red River delta, depth-specific groundwater sampling and geophysical logging in 11 monitoring wells was conducted along a 45 km transect across the southern and central part of the delta, and the literature on the Red River delta’s Quaternary geological development was reviewed. The water samples (n = 30) were analyzed for As, major ions, Fe²⁺, H₂S, NH₄, CH₄, δ¹⁸O and δD, and the geophysical log suite included natural gamma-ray, formation and fluid electrical conductivity. The SW part of the transect intersects deposits of grey estuarine clays and deltaic sands in a 15–20 km wide and 50–60 m deep Holocene incised valley. The NE part of the transect consists of 60–120 m of Pleistocene yellowish alluvial deposits underneath 10–30 m of estuarine clay overlain by a 10–20 m veneer of Holocene sediments. The distribution of δ¹⁸O-values (range −12.2‰ to −6.3‰) and hydraulic head in the sample wells indicate that the estuarine clay units divide the flow system into an upper Holocene aquifer and a lower Pleistocene aquifer. The groundwater samples were all anoxic, and contained Fe²⁺ (0.03–2.0 mM), Mn (0.7–320 μM), SO₄ (<2.1 μM–0.75 mM), H₂S (<0.1–7.0 μM), NH₄ (0.03–4.4 mM), and CH₄ (0.08–14.5 mM). Generally, higher concentrations of NH₄ and CH₄ and low concentrations of SO₄ were found in the SW part of the transect, dominated by Holocene deposits, while the opposite was the case for the NE part of the transect. The distribution of the groundwater As concentration (<0.013–11.7 μM; median 0.12 μM (9 μg/L)) is related to the distribution of NH₄, CH₄ and SO₄. Low concentrations of As (?0.32 μM) were found in the Pleistocene aquifer, while the highest As concentrations were found in the Holocene aquifer. PHREEQC-2 speciation calculations indicated that Fe²⁺ and H₂S concentrations are controlled by equilibrium for disordered mackinawite and precipitation of siderite. An elevated groundwater salinity (Cl range 0.19–65.1 mM) was observed in both aquifers, and dominated in the deep aquifer. A negative correlation between aqueous As and an estimate of reduced SO₄ was observed, indicating that Fe sulphide precipitation poses a secondary control on the groundwater As concentration.     

海南岛红树林泥炭有机组成特征及其地质意义

海南岛红树林泥炭形成于热带泥炭聚积区,成炭质料为适盐性的红树林植物群落,堆积环境为泥炭坪,与陆相沼泽泥炭相比,这些特殊性必然反映到泥炭的有机组成上。红树林泥炭有机成份的研究将为合理开发利用海南的泥炭资源提供依据。红树林泥炭有机组成特征及其在泥炭化过程中的变化也必然为探讨泥炭化机理提供大量地质信息。一、海南岛红树林泥炭的一般特征海南岛红树林泥炭以埋藏泥炭为主,主要分布于海南岛东北部沿海地区,以琼山县东寨港和琼海县福田地区发育最好,其成炭环境为泥炭坪。现在正在发育的泥炭坪仅见于文     

On formation of convective roll vortices by internal gravity waves: A theoretical study

Summary The linearized atmospheric equations system is solved analytically in a two layer model. The solutions show that the thermal disturbance located at the interface can induce internal gravity wave, which propagates downstream in the stable layer and brings about flow disturbances in the lower unstable layer. Motion of roll vortices with flow pattern similar to that found in the convective cloud street forms in the lower part of the upper layer and the upper part of the lower layer. If proper content of water vapor exists the cloud lines presenting small angle with the mean wind appear at the top of the lower layer. The effects of the wind speed and the temperature structures of the atmosphere in the lower convective layer and the overlying stable layer on the characteristics of the roll vortices are also discussed in this study.With 7 Figures