倾斜仪壁龛含水量变化与仪器漂移量的关系

实验证明水平摆工作室加入吸湿剂后观测曲线发生较大漂移。根据水平摆工作原理及岩石含水量变化使其表面发生的变化,揭示岩石含水量变化对仪器漂移的影响。通常岩石中的水以两种方式赋存,结合水和自由水。它们对岩石力学性质的影响主要体现在：连结作用、润滑作用、水楔作用、孔隙压力作用、溶蚀及潜蚀作用等。空隙中液体的压力对岩石的力学性质有很大影响,因而导致岩石变形。由于水对岩石中的作用力产生的重要影响,而当力达到一定程度必将引起岩石的变形。     

The Ringberg Standards for NGC 1068

At the end of three days' spirited discussion of the type 2 Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068, what do we think we understand about this object? New observations -- particularly in the infrared and radio -- are helping to resolve old problems, while drawing attention to new ones. It appears that NGC 1068 is a relatively normal spiral galaxy in which large-scale gravitational disturbances are funneling matter into the nucleus. A collimated outflow disturbs the interstellar medium out to kiloparsec scales, but the nucleus itself is hidden behind an opaque screen. Radio observations have now pierced the screen, and suggest that at the center of it all, a 10-20 million solar mass black hole is accreting at close to its Eddington limit.     

A Typology of Socio-Economic Advantage and Disadvantage in Australia's Large Non-Metropolitan Cities,Towns and Regions

Australia's large regional cities and towns display a wide variation in their adjustment to the socio-economic transitions that have occurred over the past decade. In terms of socio-economic advantage and disadvantage, these changes, often associated with globalisation, wider economic and technological restructuring, the changing demographics of the population and shifts in public policy, are not evenly dispersed across non-metropolitan regions. Such outcomes have been discussed across a variety of academic disciplines using a variety of data and methods, and the research undertaken has provided a useful grounding for contemporary studies both theoretically and methodologically. Analysis of new data provides an opportunity to extend and update our understanding. This paper presents an analysis of secondary data aimed at analysing non-metropolitan cities, towns and regions based on differential levels of socio-economic performance. Using an alternative clustering method, this paper groups non-metropolitan cities, towns and regions according to the degree to which they share similar socio-economic and demographic outcomes. These clusters form the basis of a typology representing the range of socio-economic and demographic outcomes at the non-metropolitan level.     

近20 a呼和浩特市城市化对植被物候的影响

了解植被物候与城市化之间的关系对于认识人类活动对生态系统的影响至关重要。基于呼和浩特市近20 a MODIS的两种植被指数数据,利用动态阈值法提取了植被物候,结合城市化指标,研究了2001—2020年呼和浩特市植被物候对城市化的响应。研究表明：森林和灌木地返青期（Start of growing season,SOS）发生较早（平均值第132 d）,但其枯黄期（End of growing season,EOS）也较早（第265 d）。SOS较晚的是耕地（第168 d）,EOS较晚的是草地（第275 d）,表明研究区木本植物SOS和EOS均早于草本植物。人造地表植被物候年际变化较大,在SOS和EOS的物候变化率分别为每10 a提前4.1 d和推迟0.7 d。此外,以人造地表比率和城乡梯度信息（即从城市核心到周边农村地区的同心环）为城市化指标,探讨了呼和浩特市中心城区植被物候对城市化的响应。研究发现SOS随人造地表比率上升而提前,EOS则出现相反的趋势。从城乡梯度上看,在特定范围内,远离城市中心SOS波动上升,即距城市中心越远植被SOS越晚,而EOS逐渐下降,即距城市中心越远植被EOS越早。总之,不同的城市化指标显示了植被物候对城市化的非线性响应。     

Snowline instability in a general circulation model: application to Carboniferous glaciation

For over twenty years it has been known that energy balance models (EBMs) with snow-albedo feedback are characterized by unstable behavior in some areas of parameter space. This behavior leads to rapid changes in snow area due to small changes in forcing, and has been termed the small ice cap instability (SICI). It has never been clarified whether this behaviour reflects a real feature of the climate system or a limitation in EBMs. In this study we demonstrate that evidence for similar unstable behavior can also be found in an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM), using a realistic set of boundary conditions for the Carboniferous (300 Ma), one of the most extensive periods of glaciation in Earth history. When solar luminosity is sequentially lowered to near values appropriate for the Carboniferous, there is a discontinuous increase in summer snow area. The instability occurs in approximately the same area of parameter space as one previously found in an EBM. Analysis of selected fields indicates that the circulation is primarily affected in the area of snow increase; far-field effects are minimal. There is good agreement between model-generated summer snowcover and one reconstruction of Carboniferous ice cover. Although more work is required on this topic, our results provide increased support for the possibility that the snowline instability represents a real feature of the climate system, and that it may help explain some cases of glacial inception and abrupt transitions in Earth history.     

Aggradation and carbonate accumulation of Holocene Norwegian cold‐water coral reefs

Cold‐water coral ecosystems present common carbonate factories along the Atlantic continental margins, where they can form large reef structures. There is increasing knowledge on their ecology, molecular genetics, environmental controls and threats available. However, information on their carbo‐nate production and accumulation is still very limited, even though this information is essential for their evaluation as carbonate sinks. The aim of this study is to provide high‐resolution reef aggradation and carbonate accumulation rates for Norwegian cold‐water coral reefs from various settings (sunds, inner shelf and shelf margin). Furthermore, it introduces a new approach for the evaluation of the cold‐water coral preservation within cold‐water coral deposits by computed tomography analysis. This approach allows the differentiation of various kinds of cold‐water coral deposits by their macrofossil clast size and orientation signature. The obtained results suggest that preservation of cold‐water coral frameworks in living position is favoured by high reef aggradation rates, while preservation of coral rubble prevails by moderate aggradation rates. A high degree of macrofossil fragmentation indicates condensed intervals or unconformities. The observed aggradation rates with up to 1500 cm kyr^?1 exhibit the highest rates from cold‐water coral reefs so far. Reef aggradation within the studied cores was restricted to the Early and Late Holocene. Available datings of Norwegian cold‐water corals support this age pattern for other fjords while, on the shelf, cold‐water coral ages are reported additionally from the early Middle Holocene. The obtained mean carbonate accumulation rates of up to 103 g cm^?2 kyr^?1 exceed previous estimates of cold‐water coral reefs by a factor of two to three and by almost one order of magnitude to adjacent sedimentary environments (shelf, slope and deep sea). Only fjord basins locally exhibit carbonate accumulation rates in the range of the cold‐water coral reefs. Furthermore, cold‐water coral reef carbonate accumulation rates are in the range of tropical reef carbonate accumulation rates. These results clearly suggest the importance of cold‐water coral reefs as local, maybe regional to global, carbonate sinks.