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571.
N. Etemad-Saeed M. Hosseini-Barzi John S. Armstrong-Altrin 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2011,61(2):142-159
Petrography and geochemistry (major, trace and rare earth elements) of clastic rocks from the Lower Cambrian Lalun Formation, in the Posht-e-badam block, Central Iran, have been investigated to understand their provenance. Petrographical analysis suggests that the Lalun conglomerates are dominantly with chert clasts derived from a proximal source, probably chert bearing Precambrian Formations. Similarly, purple sandstones are classified as litharenite (chertarenite) and white sandstones as quartzarenite types. The detrital modes of purple and white sandstones indicate that they were derived from recycled orogen (uplifted shoulders of rift) and stable cratonic source. Most major and trace element contents of purple sandstones are generally similar to upper continental crust (UCC) values. However, white sandstones are depleted in major and trace elements (except SiO2, Zr and Co) relative to UCC, which is mainly due to the presence of quartz and absence of other Al-bearing minerals. Shale samples have considerably lower content in most of the major and trace elements concentration than purple sandstones, which is possibly due to intense weathering and recycling. Modal composition (e.g., quartz, feldspar, lithic fragments) and geochemical indices (Th/Sc, La/Sc, Co/Th, Cr/Th, Cr/V and V/Ni ratios) of sandstones, and shales (La/Sc and La/Cr ratios) indicate that they were derived from felsic source rocks and deposited in a passive continental margin. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns of the studied samples are characterized by LREE enrichment, negative Eu anomaly and flat HREE similar to an old upper continental crust composed chiefly of felsic components in the source area. The study of paleoweathering conditions based on modal composition, chemical index of alteration (CIA), plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) and A–CN–K (Al2O3 − CaO + Na2O − K2O) relationships indicate that probably chemical weathering in the source area and recycling processes have been more important in shale and white sandstones relative to purple sandstones. The results of this study suggest that the main source for the Lalun Formation was likely located in uplifted shoulders of a rifted basin (probably a pull-apart basin) in its post-rift stage (Pan-African basement of the Posht-e-badam block). 相似文献
572.
Intensive mining and processing of Ag, Sn, Pb and Zn ores have occurred in various locations within and around the city of
Potosí, Bolivia since 1545. Surface and subsurface waters, stream sediments and soils are contaminated with various ecotoxic
metals in the headwaters of the economically vital, yet highly impacted, upper Rio Pilcomayo watershed. Previous studies have
documented downstream trace metal contamination, however, not addressed specific sources. The AMD discharges identified in
this study help link downstream pollution to primary origins. The majority of AMD would be considered high-strength due to
metal concentrations and acidity orders of magnitude greater than typical AMD. Discharges from both operating and abandoned
portals as well as tailings-related deposits displayed a high degree of heterogeneity with total metal concentrations ranging
from 0.11 to 7480, <0.022 to 889, <0.0006 to 65.3, <0.001 to 310, 0.12 to 72,100, 0.3 to 402, <0.012 to 34.8, and 0.24 to
19,600 mg/L of Al, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn, respectively. Net acidity and pH ranged from −10 to 246,000 mg/L as CaCO3 equivalent and 0.90–6.94 standard units, respectively. Data were gathered during two sampling events centered around the
most extreme periods of the dry and wet seasons of one water-year. Loadings to local streams were marginally greater for most
metals in the wet season. If observed loadings are historically representative, Cerro Rico AMD has contributed thousands of
tonnes of ecotoxic metals to the upper Rio Pilcomayo over the last five centuries. Metal and hydrogen ion concentrations in
the majority of AMD sampled were several orders of magnitude above discharge limits set by the Bolivian government, yet no
action has historically or contemporarily been taken. 相似文献
573.
574.
Estimation of groundwater evaporation and salt flux from Owens Lake, California, USA 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
S. W. Tyler S. Kranz M. B. Parlange J. Albertson G. G. Katul G. F. Cochran B. A. Lyles G. Holder 《Journal of Hydrology》1997,200(1-4):110-135
Groundwater evaporation and subsequent precipitation of soluble salts at Owens Lake in eastern California have created one of the single largest sources of airborne dust in the USA, yet the evaporation and salt flux have not been fully quantified. In this study, we compare eddy correlation, microlysimeters and solute profiling methods to determine their validity and sensitivity in playa environments. These techniques are often used to estimate evaporative losses, yet have not been critically compared at one field site to judge their relative effectiveness and accuracy. Results suggest that eddy correlation methods are the most widely applicable for the variety of conditions found on large playa lakes. Chloride profiling is shown to be highly sensitive to thermal and density-driven fluxes in the near surface and, as a result, appears to underestimate yearly groundwater evaporation. Yearly mean groundwater evaporation from the playa surface estimated from the three study areas was found to range from 88 to 104 mm year−1, whereas mean evaporation from the brine-covered areas was 872 mm year−1. Uncertainties on these mean rates were estimated to be ±25%, based on comparisons between eddy correlation and lysimeter estimates. On a yearly basis, evaporation accounts for approximately 47 × 106 m3 of water loss from the playa surface and open-water areas of the lake. Over the playa area, as much as 7.5 × 108 kg (7.5 × 105 t) of salt are annually concentrated by evaporation at or near the playa surface, much of which appears to be lost during dust storms in area. 相似文献
575.
576.
I. S. Dmitrienko 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2010,50(8):1025-1034
This study describes the space-time evolution of the Alfvén resonant disturbance generated by a transversally localized fast
magnetoacoustic (FMA) wave induced by impulse action on its localization area. We determine the conditions for the formation
of qualitatively different space-time structures of Alfvén resonant disturbances under different relationships between parameters
characterizing both dispersion/absorption of Alfvén disturbance and resonant absorption of transversally localized FMA waves.
The spatial structures of Alfvén resonant disturbances and their time evolution are described analytically. 相似文献
577.
Diffusive equilibrium in thin films provides evidence of suppression of hyporheic exchange and large‐scale nitrate transformation in a groundwater‐fed river 下载免费PDF全文
P. Byrne H. Zhang S. Ullah A. Binley A.L. Heathwaite C.M. Heppell K. Lansdown M. Trimmer 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1385-1396
The hyporheic zone of riverbed sediments has the potential to attenuate nitrate from upwelling, polluted groundwater. However, the coarse‐scale (5–10 cm) measurement of nitrogen biogeochemistry in the hyporheic zone can often mask fine‐scale (<1 cm) biogeochemical patterns, especially in near‐surface sediments, leading to incomplete or inaccurate representation of the capacity of the hyporheic zone to transform upwelling NO3?. In this study, we utilised diffusive equilibrium in thin‐films samplers to capture high resolution (cm‐scale) vertical concentration profiles of NO3?, SO42?, Fe and Mn in the upper 15 cm of armoured and permeable riverbed sediments. The goal was to test whether nitrate attenuation was occurring in a sub‐reach characterised by strong vertical (upwelling) water fluxes. The vertical concentration profiles obtained from diffusive equilibrium in thin‐films samplers indicate considerable cm‐scale variability in NO3? (4.4 ± 2.9 mg N/L), SO42? (9.9 ± 3.1 mg/l) and dissolved Fe (1.6 ± 2.1 mg/l) and Mn (0.2 ± 0.2 mg/l). However, the overall trend suggests the absence of substantial net chemical transformations and surface‐subsurface water mixing in the shallow sediments of our sub‐reach under baseflow conditions. The significance of this is that upwelling NO3?‐rich groundwater does not appear to be attenuated in the riverbed sediments at <15 cm depth as might occur where hyporheic exchange flows deliver organic matter to the sediments for metabolic processes. It would appear that the chemical patterns observed in the shallow sediments of our sub‐reach are not controlled exclusively by redox processes and/or hyporheic exchange flows. Deeper‐seated groundwater fluxes and hydro‐stratigraphy may be additional important drivers of chemical patterns in the shallow sediments of our study sub‐reach. © 2015 The Authors. Hydrological Processes Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
578.
Petrology and geochemistry of greywackes from Goa-Dharwar sector,western Dharwar Craton: Implications for volcanoclastic origin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
T. C. Devaraju T. L. Sudhakara R. J. Kaukonen R. P. Viljoen T. T. Alapieti S. A. Ahmed S. Sivakumar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2010,75(3):465-487
Late Archaean Supracrustals of the Goa-Dharwar sector (GDS) are composed of a thick sequence of greywacke sequence with narrow
intercalations of quartzite, BIF and carbonates. Mafic volcanics occupy the base of the sequence. The greywackes are predominantly
tuffacious containing chlorite-sericite and hornblende. Arkosic variations containing biotite dominate the western part of
the sector. Fine-grained variations occur as isolated narrow lenses within other types of greywackes. The conglomeratic greywackes
are localized along the western and the eastern margins of the sector. All of the greywackes are all typically immature containing
coarser clasts of mostly plagioclase (18–23%) and quartz (32–34%). Lithic fragments of felsic volcanic rocks are common. The
matrix is dominated by mafic material. Biotite and amphibole are related to metamorphic recrystallization. Chlorite, sericite,
epidote, carbonate and chert are products of the interplay of diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism. Fe-Ti oxide, sphene,
apatite and zircon are usual accessories. But for slight enrichment in K2O, the major element chemistry of the GDS greywackes is similar to the chemistry of Late Archaean greywackes. They also compare
in respect of V, Co, Hf contents, K2O/Na2O, SiO2/Al2O3, Na2O/Al2O3, Ba/Rb, Th/U, La/Th, Sm/Nd ratios, steep REE patterns with distinct LREE enrichment and HREE depletion. The GDS greywackes
however are distinctly enriched in Rb, Ba, Sr, Th, U, Cu, Zr, Ce/Ce* and depleted in Cr, Ni, and Zn. The conglomeritic and
biotite bearing verities contain considerable proportions of clasts derived from the basement tonalitic/granitic terrain.
The common tuffacious greywackes containing hornblende and biotite-sericite however include only volcanic clasts and bear
evidence of derivation from submarine weathering of predominantly felsic volcanics erupted on a large scale to form a magmatic
arc in the later stages of geosynclinal deposition. Geochemical data suggest that the GDS greywackes were laid down in progressively
changing basin geometry from a passive to active continental margin and island arc setting. 相似文献
579.
S. P. Prizomwala S. B. Shukla Nilesh Bhatt 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2012,79(6):557-562
Indus is one of the major sources of sediments to the Gulf of Kachchh. Yet only its <63 micron fraction is studied in detail
with regards to the offshore current dynamics. Hence here we present our study on characteristic signature of the Indus sediment
load (i.e. mica minerals) in >63 micron size fraction along the coast of Gulf of Kachchh. The spatial distribution of mica
minerals along the Gulf of Kachchh coast was studied which showed in general decreasing trend as we move along the northern
and southern coast of the Gulf of Kachchh but, an increase in amount near the southern mouth at Okha. The study shows that
the earlier proposed tidal barrier is ineffective in restricting movement of mica across the mouth of the gulf due to its
characteristic transport mechanism. Also the presence of mudflats along the gulf of Kachchh coast plays a vital role as sediment
receptors in the active sediment transport processes and mica minerals prove to be a promising simple tracer in studying the
Indus born sediments in the region. 相似文献
580.
P. Goyal P. Sharma S. Srivastava M. M. Srivastava 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2008,5(1):27-34
The present study explores the effectiveness of Saraca indica leaf powder, a surplus low value agricultural waste, in removing Pb ions from aqueous solution. The influence of pH, biomass dosage, contact time, particle size and metal concentration on the removal process were investigated. Batch studies indicated that maximum biosorption capacity for Pb was 95.37% at the pH 6.5. The sorption process followed the first order rate kinetics. The adsorption equilibrium data fitted best to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Morphological changes observed in scanning electron micrographs of untreated and metal treated biomass confirmed the phenomenon of biosorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of native and exhausted leaf powder confirmed lead biomass interactions responsible for sorption. Acid regeneration was tried for several cycles with a view to recover the sorbed metal ion and also to restore the sorbent to its original state. The findings showed that Saraca indica leaf powder can easily be envisaged as a new, vibrant, low cost biosorbent for metal clean up operations. 相似文献