On mass transport in deep water waves

Summary Various formulations of the mass-transport problem are compared for progressive waves in deep water. In order to calculate the mass-transport velocity as a function of depth in the main body of the fluid, it is necessary to include the effect of viscous wave attenuation. It is shown that the usual assumptions of periodicity in distance and attenuation with time or periodicity in time and attenuation with distance, are both physically unsatisfactory. The first does not specify a unique solution, and the second is incompatible with the assumption of zero surface stress. A certain critical constant tangential wind stress will maintain strictly time-periodic deep water waves. The corresponding attenuation with distance is then calculated to order ³. A constant tangential stress greater or less than the critical causes waves, necessarily decaying with distance, to grow or decay with time.     

Use of Carbonatites in the Production of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate: A Case Study from Eppawala,Sri Lanka

The study investigates the possibility of using carbonatite in the production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). We made use of fresh apatite-rich carbonatites found at the phosphate mining sites at Eppawala, Sri Lanka. Analyses of the fresh carbonatite were performed with the aid of optical microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), UV/visible spectrophotometry (UVVS), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Quicklime obtained from calcinations of carbonatites was used in synthesizing PCC via a lime-soda process. The end product was analyzed with XRD, TGA, AAS, and UVVS. Results revealed that the most common CO₃ ^2? phase available in fresh carbonatites is calcite (>65%). The Ca-rich CO₃ ^2? phase can be distinguished easily from other available minerals because its mode of occurrence in carbonatite matrix is different to that of other minerals. The results of TGA show that the decomposition of CO₃ ^2? phase initiates at about 340°C, which leads to lower energy consumption during calcinations. Post-magmatic hydrothermal process may have been the cause of the formation of thermally unstable CO₃ ^2? phases. Hydration of quicklime from the carbonatite yields much higher Ca²⁺ in the solution than from marble under the same experimental conditions. The synthesized PCC particles are in the calcite polymorphic form. The purity of PCC varies from 96 to 98 wt%. The maximum precipitable CaCO₃ from 1 g of quicklime is about 1.1 g. Hence, fresh carbonatites has great economic potential for the production of PCC.     

Fatty acid profiles of benthic environment associated with artificial reefs in subtropical Hong Kong

Artificial reefs can enhance habitat heterogeneity, especially in seabed degraded by bottom-dredging and trawling. However, the trophodynamics of such reef systems are not well understood. This study provided baseline data on trophic relationships in the benthic environment associated with artificial reefs in late spring and mid summer of subtropical Hong Kong, using fatty acid profiles as an indicator. Data from sediments collected at the reef base, materials from sediment traps deployed on top and bottom of the reefs, total particulate matter from the water column and oyster tissues from reef surface were subjected to principal component analysis. Results showed variations of fatty acid profiles in the total particulate matter, upper sediment trap and oyster tissue samples collected in the two samplings, indicating seasonal, trophodynamic changes within the reef system. The wastes produced by fish aggregating at the reefs can also contribute a source of biodeposits to the nearby benthic environment.     

Seasonal cycle of surface circulation in the coastal North Indian Ocean

Monthly-mean winds and currents have been used to identify the driving mechanisms of seasonal coastal circulation in the North Indian Ocean. The main conclusions are: (i) the surface circulation off Arabia is typical of a wind-driven system with similar patterns of longshore current and wind stress; (ii) circulation off the west coast of India is consistent with the dynamics of a wind-driven eastern boundary current only during the southwest monsoon. During the northeast monsoon it is possible that the influence of the interior flow is important. (iii) There are at least three mechanisms that influence the surface circulation off the east coast of India: wind-stress, influence of fresh-water run off and contribution of the interior flow. It is difficult at present to assess the relative importance of these three processes.     

Origin and differentiation of picritic arc magmas,Ambae (Aoba), Vanuatu

Key aspects of magma generation and magma evolution in subduction zones are addressed in a study of Ambae (Aoba) volcano, Vanuatu. Two major lava suites (a low-Ti suite and high-Ti suite) are recognised on the basis of phenocryst mineralogy, geochemistry, and stratigraphy. Phenocryst assemblages in the more primitive low-Ti suite are dominated by magnesian olivine (mg 80 to 93.4) and clinopyroxene (mg 80 to 92), and include accessory Cr-rich spinel (cr 50 to 84). Calcic plagioclase and titanomagnetite are important additional phenocryst phases in the high-Ti suite lavas and the most evolved low-Ti suite lavas. The low-Ti suite lavas span a continuous compositional range, from picritic (up to 20 wt% MgO) to high-alumina basalts (<5 wt% MgO), and are consistent with differentiation involving observed phenocrysts. Melt compositions (aphyric lavas and groundmasses) in the low-Ti suite form a liquid-line of descent which corresponds with the petrographically-determined order of crystallisation: olivine + Cr-spinel, followed by clinopyroxene + olivine + titanomagnetite, and then plagioclase + clinopyroxene + olivine + titanomagnetite. A primary melt for the low-Ti suite has been estimated by correcting the most magnesian melt composition (an aphyric lava with 10.5 wt% MgO) for crystal fractionation, at the oxidising conditions determined from olivine-spinel pairs (fo₂ FMQ + 2.5 log units), until in equilibrium with the most magnesian olivine phenocrysts. The resultant composition has 15 wt% MgO and an mg ^Fe2 value of 81. It requires deep (3 GPa) melting of the peridotitic mantle wedge at a potential temperature consistent with current estimates for the convecting upper mantle (T _p 1300°C). At least three geochemically-distinct source components are necessary to account for geochemical differences between, and geochemical heterogeneity within, the major lava suites. Two components, one LILE-rich and the other LILE- and LREE-rich, may both derive from the subducting ocean crust, possibly as an aqueous fluid and a silicate melt respeetively. A third component is attributed to either differnt degrees of melting, or extents of incompatible-element depletion, of the peridotitic mantle wedge.     

Geomorphological Holocene events as deduced from lithological records of the fluvial basins of Dauria

A conjugate analysis of the processes of morphogenesis and sedimentation within small fluvial basins of Dauria revealed a rhythmic character of change of the Holocene processes which are combined into cycles of a different hierarchical level. It is shown that each cycle begins with an extreme phase of intense fluvial drift and delivery of matter from the system. The fluvial horizons comprise the lower part of deposits of the Holocene macrocycle in the Vesnyanka pad’ (a valley without a permanent watercourse). A disastrous fluvial drift was recorded repeatedly for the period 7–8.5 cal. ka and at the transition time from the Atlantic to Subboreal time. A normal zonal phase of integration of matter within the basins is exhibited by buried humus horizons of soils which give clear evidence of 1800-year cycles. A regional development in Dauria is recorded for the soils with the age of about 8, 6.4 and 4.6 as well as 1.2–1.4 cal. ka. The upper part of the deposits of each cycle is characterized by aeolian horizons of extreme arid phases. The profiles of proluvial trails are indicative of 130-year cycles. Based on results from studying buried soils, data of pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating of the deposits, we determined an enhancement in climate aridization for the last 10 ka and, in general, a decreased of the sedimentation and morphogenesis rate.     

Highly excited hydrogen lines in stellar spectra. I

The solution of the hydrogenic Schrödinger equation are given with two boundary conditions imposed on the wave function, for distances of the order of magnitude of one hundred times the Bohr radius from the central nucleus. Thus the shifts and splitting of the H-H₂₆ lines are given which arise from the non-vacant environment. The Inglis-Teller limit is revised since from the shifts it follows that it gives a correct charged particle density only in the case of extremely high electron and ion densities. The gas density is derived from the number of the visible Balmer lines, and usually the widths and the contours but not the coalescence include information on the charged particle density.     

Petrology,isotope characteristics,and K-Ar ages of the Maranhão,northern Brazil,Mesozoic basalt province

Northern Brazil contains remnants of Mesozoic flood basalts and hypabyssal rocks that were apparently emplaced during tectonism related to opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Analyses and new K-Ar ages reveal that this 700x250 km Maranhão province (5°–8°S) has low-Ti basalts (1.1 wt% TiO₂) in the western part that range about 160 to 190 Ma, and high-Ti basalts (3.4–4.4 wt% TiO₂) in the eastern part about 115–122 Ma. Low-Ti basalt compositions are less evolved and have a smaller range, Mg# 62-56, than the high-Ti basalts, Mg# 44–33. General characteristics of the least evolved members of low- and high-Ti groups include, respectively, Zr 100 and 250 ppm, Sr 225 and 475 ppm, Ba 200 and 500 ppm, Nb 10 and 26 ppm, Y 29 and 36 ppm, La/Yb_(n) 4.2 and 8.8, where La_(n) is 30 and 90. Overall compositions resemble the low- and high-Ti basaltic rocks of the Mesozoic Serra Geral (Paraná) province in southern Brazil. The Maranhão low-Ti basalts have more radiogenic Sr and Pb and higher ¹⁸O than the high-Ti basalts. Respectively, low- vs high-Ti: _Sr26–54 vs 15–18; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.25–.78 vs 18.22–.24; and ¹⁸O 8.9–12.6 vs 6.5–8.6. Nd isotopes overlap: _Nd–1.6 to –3.8 vs –2.1 to –3. Ages, compositions, and isotopes indicate that the low- and high-Ti groups had independent parentages from enriched subcontinental mantle. However, both groups can be modeled from one source composition if low-Ti basalt isotopes reflect crustal contamination, and if the parentages for each group were picritic liquids that represent either higher (for low-Ti) or lower (for high-Ti) percentages of melting of that single source. When comparing Pb isotopes of Maranhão and Serra Geral high-Ti basalts (uncontaminated) to evaluate the DUPAL anomaly, Maranhão has Pb 7/4=4.6–11, and Pb 8/4=72–87; Serra Geral has Pb 7/4=10–13, and Pb 8/4=95–125. The small difference is not enough to conform to DUPAL contours, and is inconsistent with large-scale isotopic heterogeneity of mantle beneath Brazil prior to rifting of South America from Africa. Maranhão low-Ti magmas probably relate to the opening of central North Atlantic, and high-Ti magmas to the opening of equatorial Atlantic. The proposed greater percentage of source melting for low-Ti basalts may reflect a Triassic-Jurassic hotspot, while lesser melting for high-Ti magmas may relate to Cretaceous decompressional (rifting) melting.     

Trace elements as indicators of the physicochemical conditions of mineral formation in hydrothermal sulfide systems

The three-mode distribution of trace-element (TE) concentrations is observed in accordance with three main forms of TE occurrence in mineral: structural, surficial, and phase (native TE phases). Minerals of hydrothermally synthesized pyrite–pyrrhotite–magnetite–greenockite assemblage in the presence of Au and Mn are studied. Discrimination of modes is made, using the method of statistical sample of analytical data for single crystals (SSADSC), which is based on the postulate that individual crystals can contain predominantly one of possible forms. This is supported by study of Cd modes of occurrence by element thermorelease atomic-absorption spectrometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic-force microscopy were used to examine the surficial TE forms. It has been confirmed that the dependence of the TE content on the crystal size in the sample is mainly due to surficial nonautonomous phases absorbing TEs. The effect of correspondence of chemical-component forms on the surfaces of coexisting minerals is also corroborated. This phenomenon is not related to the mutual contamination of phases but is due to the induction of the corresponding states of chemical forms in coexisting nonautonomous phases. It is possible to obtain true coefficients of interface distribution, characterizing structural TE impurities. These coefficients differ strongly from apparent distribution coefficients calculated from the bulk contents of impurities, except for Mn in pyrrhotite and magnetite, where its structural mode is predominant. The results obtained show that TEs can be used as quantitative geochemical indicators, which help to obtain correct information about the parameters of mineral formation and TE contents in the fluid phase.     

上海热浪与健康监测预警系统

用1989～1998年上海逐日4次气象观测资料,应用美国特拉华大学的SSC天气分类方法确定逐日天气类型,形成了10年逐日天气类型日历。并通过天气类型与死亡率的对比分析,确定MT+类型是上海地区形成热浪的“侵人型”气团,是具有最高死亡率的天气类型。采用逐步回归方法建立了MT+类型下因受热浪侵袭而超正常死亡数的回归方程。在此基础上建立了上海热浪与健康监测预警系统。通过1999年气象和死亡实况资料检验,系统对热浪及因此引起的死亡具有较好的监测和预警效果。