Investigation of ammonia removal from polluted waters by Clinoptilolite zeolite

Ammonia nitrogen compounds in the wastewaters and effluents have harmful effects on water resources. Ion exchange with zeolites is a separation process for ammonia removal from effluents. The objective of this research was to study the efficiency of an ammonia removal and the factor affecting to this process. The Clinoptilolite was obtained from Semnan mines at the north part of Iran. The samples were grounded and sieved based on the U.S. standard mesh number 20, 30, 40 and conditioned by ammonia sulfate and sodium chloride solutions. The characteristics of samples for ammonia removal and the selectivity sequence for adsorbing interfering cations were then determined. Results shown that the average ion exchange capacity of zeolite in batch and continuous systems were 6.65–16 and 16.31–19.5 mg NH₄ ⁺ /g zeolite weight, respectively. In study on the zeolite for selective cations showed the ranking of K⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ respectively. Results indicated that high level of regeneration (95–98%) might be achieved with NaCl solution. Based on the results, Clinoptilolite may be effective applied in wastewater treatment, both from technical and economical aspects.     

Potential of natural bed soil in adsorption of heavy metals in industrial waste landfill

Development of higher welfare could not be realized unless by energy consumption and other natural resources. Growth of industrial complexes has shown an unprecedented trend during recent years. Many of these towns have no treatment systems for the industrial wastes leachates. Besides, the chemical composition of wastes in such complexes varies considerably due to the different kinds of industries. It is endeavored in the present work to study the natural potential of soil to treat leachate of such industrial wastes. For this purpose, the Aliabad industrial complex in Tehran — Garmsar road was selected as the study area. The potential of adsorption of elements such as nickel, copper, cadmium, zinc, chromium, lead and manganese was investigated. The results indicated that the soil potential to adsorb heavy metals (except for manganese) was very high (95 %) in the adsorption of heavy metals (except for manganese). Further, chemical partitioning studies revealed that heavy metals are associated with various soil phases such as loosely bonded ions, sulfide and organics to various extents. Among the mentioned soil phases, one can deduce that major portion of metal contaminants is absorbed as loosely bonded ions. Organic bond and sulfide bond are in the 2^nd and 3^rd positions of metal contaminants adsorption, respectively. The results of the present study apparently showed that soil column had ample capacity to adsorb metal contaminants. Thus, determination of soil potential in adsorption of heavy metals during site selection is as important criteria.     

生态地球化学预测预警若干问题探讨

回顾了生态地球化学危害效应的作用机理,提出了区域地球化学调查-地球化学环境监测-机理研究相结合的生态地球化学预测预警基本思路。根据当前中国多目标区域地球化学调查和生态地球化学评价工作的现状,举例说明了土壤重金属元素累积、土壤环境变化、生态效应机理的若干研究方法,提出了预测预警成果体现的若干建议。     

Numerical analysis of stone column supported foundations

In this paper, settlement and failure load of rafts resting on stone column reinforced soft clays are analyzed. The influence of the stone columns is assumed to be uniformly and homogeneously distributed throughout the reinforced region. It is also assumed that both columns and surrounding soil undergo the same total strains i.e. no slip occurs on the soil-column interface. A constitutive model is presented for an equivalent material. It combines different elasto-plastic laws, namely the Critical State model for clay and the Mohr-Coulomb criterion for gravel. Continuity of radial stresses is ensured by an additional pseudo-yield criterion. The model is incorporated in a finite element code and results for a circular footing are presented. The influence of dilatancy of the columns is highlighted together with the differences in the behaviour for columns situated at the centre or at the outer boundary of the footing. Flexible as well as rigid foundations are considered. It is emphasized that the finite element mesh is independent of the column spacing leading to considerable advantages in carrying out parametric studies.     

Spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Tariat Depression, Mongolia. II: Geochemistry and Nd and Sr isotopic composition and their implications for the evolution of the subcontinental lithosphere

A suite of spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Shavaryn-Tsaram volcano, Tariat Depression (central Mongolia) represents (for major elements) fertile to moderately depleted subcontinental lithosphere. Part of the variation of moderately incompatible trace elements is ascribed to small-scale mineralogical heterogeneities caused by processes like metamorphic differentiation accompanying partial melting or by mechanical segregation. Several bulk lherzolites show a high relative enrichment of the LREE over HREE which can be traced to a grain boundary phase genetically linked to, but not directly representing, the host basanitoid. In Nd and Sr isotopic composition the anhydrous peridotites cover the field of oceanic basalts (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.5128-0.5133, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7020-0.7039). In contrast, a phlogopite peridotite has a high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and also a less radiogenic ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd. The majority of “dry” lherzolites have Nd and Sr “bulk earth” model ages around 2 Ga. They may be interpreted as dating a small-degree (< ˜5%) melting event which would not have severely affected the major element chemistry of the xenoliths. The ˜2 Ga model ages may indicate a genetic relation between the lithospheric mantle and the stabilization of the continental crust in Mongolia at that time. Alternatively, if the peridotites are unrelated to the overlying crust, they may be pieces of a young asthenospheric diapir. Coexisting ortho-and clinopyroxenes are in Nd isotopic equilibrium for Iherzolites having equilibrated at temperatures around 950°C at mantle pressures. Disequilibrium melting models of mantle rocks are not supported by our data because for medium to coarse-grained mantle spinel peridotite the Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic systems close with respect to diffusional exchange at temperatures around 900°C, as indicated by recently published diffusion experiment results and supported by our data.     

Sensitivity studies on vortex development over a polynya

Summary The development of a cyclonic vortex over a polynya is investigated with the primitive equation mesoscale model METRAS. The impact of different atmospheric processes on vortex development is determined by calculating the terms of the vorticity tendency equation. Sensitivity studies are performed for different large-scale situations (geostrophic winds 1 ms⁻¹, 3 ms⁻¹, 20 ms⁻¹, initial ice-water temperature difference of 35 K or 17.5 K) and for different polynya sizes and shapes. In general, the vortex develops within a few hours. It is intensified by buoyancy, mainly resulting from latent heat release. Advective and diffusive processes hinder the vortex development. The intensification depends on the actual situation and is faster over small polynyas and heterogeneous ice cover. These situations result in intensification periods of only 12 to 18 hours for the vortex, but create very strong vortices. Halved horizontal temperature gradients also about halve the vortex intensity. The lifetime and intensification of a vortex increases with the time the air mass spends over the water. Thus, weak winds show a slower development of the vortex but the vortex intensifies for more than 24 hours. Over big polynyas several vortices develop, a long polynya results in a longer and narrower vortex which intensifies over a longer period.     

Intelligent urban forms (IUF) a new climate-concerned,urban planning strategy

Summary Adaptive geometrical configurations are presented, which aim to create intelligent urban forms, and which include screening methods applicable to the linear- and grid-type building layouts. They are especially suitable for mid-latitude cities characterized by seasonally swinging climates which necessitate heating in winter and cooling in summer. The screens are envisaged as shading devices in the summer blocking the incoming solar radiation during day-time (that is, on-position), while being removed at night to enhance nocturnal radiative cooling (that is, off-position). In winter they are assumed to be in off-position during sunshine hours to promote the access of solar radiation and in on-position at night to obstruct the sky energy sink and reduce radiant heat losses. Their implications for the urban street canyon climate and the thermal performance of the built environment are simulated using the cluster thermal time constant (CTTC) model. The diurnal variation of both the ambient air temperature and net radiant flux within the urban canopy layer serve as criteria by which the climatetempering effectiveness of the screens is assessed.With 9 Figures     

斯里兰卡南部西向沿岸流在西南季风期间的动力学研究

北半球夏季,北印度洋环流主要受到西南季风流控制,将热带印度洋水体从西向东进行跨海盆输运,然而在斯里兰卡南部沿岸存在一支与西南季风流方向相反的西向沿岸流,即南斯里兰卡沿岸流（SSLCC）.本文主要利用ECCO2资料进行南斯里兰卡沿岸流的动力学特征研究.结果表明,SSLCC的形成和孟加拉湾局地环流密切相关.当斯里兰卡穹顶区（SLD）环流偏强时,斯里兰卡南部形成局地气旋式涡旋,斯里兰卡东部沿岸流在SLD西部向南流动,随着气旋式涡旋北部转向西流形成强的SSLCC.相比之下,SLD较弱时,沿岸流仅存在斯里兰卡东部沿岸,斯里兰卡东部沿岸流无法向西转向,SSLCC和西南季风流一起向东流动,其可能的主要原因是局地风应力对SLD产生的强度影响.研究还表明,SLD强度对SSLCC流向和强度有着重要影响.     

A study of ozone in the Colorado mountains

The seasonal and diurnal variations of ozone mixing ratios have been observed at Niwot Ridge. Colorado. The ozone mixing ratios have been correlated with the NO _x (NO+NO₂) mixing ratios measured concurrently at the site. The seasonal and diurnal variations in O₃ can be reasonably well understood by considering photochemistry and transport. In the winter there is no apparent systematic diurnal variation in the O₃ mixing ratio because there is little diurnal change of transport and a slow photochemistry. In the summer, the O₃ levels at the site are suppressed at night due to the presence of a nocturnal inversion layer that isolated ozone near the surface, where it is destroyed. Ozone is observed to increase in the summer during the day. The increases in ozone correlate with increasing NO _x levels, as well as with the levels of other compounds of anthropogenic origin. We interpret this correlation as in-situ or in-transit photochemical production of ozone from these precursors that are transported to our site. The levels of ozone recorded approach 100 ppbv at NO _x mixing ratios of approximately 3 ppbv. Calculations made using a simple clean tropospheric chemical model are consistent with the NO _x -related trend observed for the daytime ozone mixing ratio. However, the chemistry, which does not include nonmethane hydrocarbon photochemistry, underestimates the observed O₃ production.     

Patterns in the hydrogen and trace element compositions of mantle olivines

 The concentrations of hydrogen and the other trace elements in olivines from mantle xenoliths have been determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for clarifying the incorporation mechanism and the behavior of the hydrogen. The hydrogen contents in olivines from mantle xenoliths range from 10 to 60 ppm wt. H₂O and the concentration range is consistent with the previous infrared (IR) spectroscopic data. IR spectra of the olivine crystals show no effects of the weathering or secondary alteration. The hydrogen is distributed homogeneously among olivine grains in each mantle xenolith. However, the hydrogen contents of the olivine crystals are less than those for the olivine phenocrysts crystallized from the host magma. Olivine inclusions in diamonds also show similar hydrogen contents to the xenolithic olivines. Thus the hydrogen content of xenolithic olivines does not attain equilibrium with water in the host magma during the transportation from the Earth's mantle to the surface, and is taken as a reflection of the hydrogen condition in the mantle. Correlations of hydrogen with trivalent cation contents in garnet peridotitic olivines indicate the incorporation of hydrogen into mantle olivines by a coupled substitution mechanism, with the hydrogen present in the form of hydroxyl in oxygen positions adjacent to the M site vacancies. The hydrogen content of xenolithic olivines increases with pressure but decreases with increasing temperature, suggesting importance of olivine as a water reservoir at low temperature regions such as in subducting slabs. Received August 15, 1995/Revised, accepted November 19, 1996