Reconstructing the landing trajectory of the CE-3 lunar probe by using images from the landing camera

An accurate determination of the landing trajectory of Chang'e-3(CE-3)is significant for verifying orbital control strategy, optimizing orbital planning, accurately determining the landing site of CE-3 and analyzing the geological background of the landing site. Due to complexities involved in the landing process, there are some differences between the planned trajectory and the actual trajectory of CE-3. The landing camera on CE-3 recorded a sequence of the landing process with a frequency of 10 frames per second. These images recorded by the landing camera and high-resolution images of the lunar surface are utilized to calculate the position of the probe, so as to reconstruct its precise trajectory. This paper proposes using the method of trajectory reconstruction by Single Image Space Resection to make a detailed study of the hovering stage at a height of 100 m above the lunar surface. Analysis of the data shows that the closer CE-3 came to the lunar surface, the higher the spatial resolution of images that were acquired became, and the more accurately the horizontal and vertical position of CE-3 could be determined. The horizontal and vertical accuracies were7.09 m and 4.27 m respectively during the hovering stage at a height of 100.02 m. The reconstructed trajectory can reflect the change in CE-3's position during the powered descent process. A slight movement in CE-3 during the hovering stage is also clearly demonstrated. These results will provide a basis for analysis of orbit control strategy,and it will be conducive to adjustment and optimization of orbit control strategy in follow-up missions.     

Scientific data products and the data pre-processing subsystem of the Chang'e-3 mission

The Chang'e-3(CE-3) mission is China's first exploration mission on the surface of the Moon that uses a lander and a rover. Eight instruments that form the scientific payloads have the following objectives:(1) investigate the morphological features and geological structures at the landing site;(2) integrated in-situ analysis of minerals and chemical compositions;(3) integrated exploration of the structure of the lunar interior;(4) exploration of the lunar-terrestrial space environment, lunar surface environment and acquire Moon-based ultraviolet astronomical observations. The Ground Research and Application System(GRAS) is in charge of data acquisition and pre-processing, management of the payload in orbit, and managing the data products and their applications. The Data Pre-processing Subsystem(DPS) is a part of GRAS.The task of DPS is the pre-processing of raw data from the eight instruments that are part of CE-3, including channel processing, unpacking, package sorting, calibration and correction, identification of geographical location, calculation of probe azimuth angle, probe zenith angle, solar azimuth angle, and solar zenith angle and so on, and conducting quality checks. These processes produce Level 0, Level 1 and Level 2data. The computing platform of this subsystem is comprised of a high-performance computing cluster, including a real-time subsystem used for processing Level 0 data and a post-time subsystem for generating Level 1 and Level 2 data. This paper describes the CE-3 data pre-processing method, the data pre-processing subsystem, data classification, data validity and data products that are used for scientific studies.     

西北河谷盆地生态系统服务的权衡与协同分析——以银川盆地为例

明晰生态系统服务权衡与协同的表现类型、形成机理、尺度依存和区域差异,是制定区域发展与生态保护“双赢”政策措施的有效途径。以银川盆地为研究区,对2000年和2014年净初级生产力（NPP）、保土、保水、固沙等生态系统服务物质量进行估算,利用相关分析法、ESTD模型和空间热点制图法分析了生态系统服务之间的权衡协同关系和生态环境空间分布特征及形成机理。结果表明：2000-2014年,4种生态系统服务物质量都有显著提高;空间分布均呈现中间高,四周低的格局;相关分析显示协同作用是各生态系统服务之间的主导关系;NPP与保水、固沙之间的协同程度较高;空间热点制图显示高值项增加的栅格占总数21.64%,高值项减少的栅格占总数21.49%;表明在银川盆地整体生态系统服务功能增加的趋势下内部增减规律并不一致。在南北方向上降水因素对生态系统服务有主导性影响,相关度为0.368;在东西方向上起主导作用的是植被和海拔,相关度分别为0.572和0.563;在东北-西南方向上海拔和湿度对生态系统的影响最大,相关度分别为-0.487和-0.417;在西北-东南方向上其主要影响的也是海拔和湿度,相关度为0.628和-0.628。生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系随尺度的变化而变化,具有明显的尺度依存性;同一尺度空间分布格局的影响因素也存在很大的差异性。     

红树林湿地系统污染生态及其净化效果的研究概况

红树林湿地系统处于淡水和海水的交互地带,具有净化水体的功能。随着大量污水、废物源源不断地排放入海,红树林湿地的水体净化功能正日益受到重视。综合国内外学者的相关研究成果,对红树林湿地系统的污染生态及其净化效果方面的研究概况进行了综述。目前,红树林湿地系统污染生态的研究主要集中在不同污染物的排放对红树林及生态环境的影响上,包括对红树植物的生长和生理生态的影响,污染物在红树植物中的累积以及污染物对红树林区沉积物、藻类、底栖动物的影响等方面上。研究结果表明,红树林对重金属、石油及污水等污染物有较强的耐性,且红树林植物和林下的土壤都有吸收多种污染物的能力,对污染物有较强的净化效果。红树林湿地系统的研究还有待于进一步深入,红树林湿地资源处于濒危状态,需加强管理和保护,所有的实验项目应在非保护区中进行。     

Coal Permeability Evolution Under Different Water-Bearing Conditions

Natural Resources Research - The seepage problem of coal-bed methane (CBM) has attracted increasing attention from the research and industry communities. Coal permeability, which is a key parameter...     

Infrared imaging and spectroscopy with arrays at the University of Montreal

The Montreal Infrared Camera (MONICA) consists of a LN₂ cryostat enclosing a NICMOS3 array, re-imaging optics and a filter wheel mechanism containing broad-band and circular variable filters. A polarimetry mode with a warm half wave plate and a cold polarizer/filter combination is also supported. At the CFHT 0.5 (FWHM) images are routinely obtained with limiting magnitudes of 22.8 at J and 21.7 at K (S/N=3 in 1hr).The Spectrometre Infrarouge de Montréal (SIMON) is a versatile grating spectrometer with spectral resolutions ranging from 300 to 5000. Presently under construction, this spectrometer will initially contain a 512×512 HgCdTe array. Use of reflective optics will allow a future upgrade to a similar format InSb array, extending the wavelength coverage to 5m. SIMON will also have an imaging mode to facilitate the centering of objects within interchangeable slits.     

Thermodynamics of the five-dimensional Schwarzschild-de Sitter black hole

Considering the fact that there is a correlation between the black hole horizon and cosmological horizon, we discuss the thermodynamic properties of de Sitter spacetime. The equivalent temperature and energy of de Sitter spacetime are obtained. It is shown that the upper limit energy of de Sitter spacetime is equal to the energy of a pure de Sitter spacetime. The thermodynamic entropy of de Sitter spacetime is the sum of the black hole horizon thermodynamic entropy and the one of cosmological horizon.     

Hawking radiation and entropy in de Sitter spacetime

Using the analytic extension method, we study Hawking radiation of an (n+4)-dimensional Schwarzschild-de Sitter black hole. Under the condition that the total energy is conserved, taking the reaction of the radiation of particles to the spacetime into consideration and considering the relation between the black hole event horizon and cosmological horizon, we obtain the radiation spectrum of de Sitter spacetime. This radiation spectrum is no longer a strictly pure thermal spectrum. It is related to the change of the Bekenstein-Hawking (B-H) entropy corresponding the black hole event horizon and cosmological horizon. The result satisfies the unitary principle. At the same time, we also testify that the entropy of de Sitter spacetime is the sum of the entropy of black hole event horizon and the one of cosmological horizon.