High-pressure and high-temperature in situ X-ray diffraction study of iron and corundum to 68 GPa using an internally heated diamond anvil cell

Using powder X-ray diffraction of heated solids to pressures reaching 68 GPa, the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) data on corundum Al₂O₃ and ɛ-Fe were determined with the following results: *Corundum,*Iron, *Al₂O₃*ɛ-Fe Isothermal bulk*258 (2)*164 (3)  modulus K'_{300, 1} (GPa) Pressure derivative K_{300, 1}*4.88 (4)*5.36 (16) Temperature derivative*–0.020 (2)*–0.043 (3)  (∂K _T,1 /∂T) _P (GPa/K) Molar volume V_300,1*25.59 (2)*6.76 (2)  (cm³/mol) Isobaric thermal expansion at 1 atm (0.101 MPa) is given by (K^–1): α _T =2.6 (2) 10^–5+1.81 (9) 10^–9 T–0.67 (6)/T ² for corundum, and α _T =5.7 (4) 10^–5+4.2 (4) 10^–9 T–0.17 (7)/T ² for iron ɛ-Fe. Received: 1 March 1997 / Revised, accepted: 21 August 1997     

Atmospheric boundary layer studies at Jodhpur during MONTBLEX using sodar and tower

A monostatic sodar was set up at Jodhpur, near the western end of the monsoon trough, to investigate the atmospheric boundary layer dynamics. A 30 m instrumented tower was also located close to the sodar antenna. Data were collected from June to August during the monsoon period of 1990, as also from July 1992 to September 1993. Thermal plumes, surface-based stable layers (both flat or short spiky top and tall spiky top), elevated/multi-layers with or without undulations and dot echo structures were seen; however, erosion of the morning inversion layer in the form of a rising layer with growing thermal plumes under it was rarely seen, and that too only during the winter period. The observed structure of the stable layer with tall spikes and its depth have been found to be correlated with the intensity of the monsoon spell; the dot echoes have been found to be correlated with the approach of a monsoon depression near Jodhpur; and the elevated/multilayers have been attributed to the formation of a subsidence (shear instability).     

X-ray diffraction study of Fe2+-Mg order-disorder in orthopyroxene. Some kinetic results

Kinetic rates of Fe²⁺-Mg disordering in three orthopyroxenes (mean value of X_Fe = Fe²⁺/(Fe²⁺+Mg) = 0.175,0.482,0.770 respectively) have been determined employing heating experiments and single crystal X-ray structural refinements. Disordering rate constants \((\vec K)\) (550800° C) for two pyroxenes are given by: ln \((\vec K)\) = 27.107(±5.177)?32062(±783)T^?1(X_Fe = 0.175) ln \((\vec K)\) = 16.142(±0.057)?18227(±423)T^?1(X_Fe = 0.770) The distribution coefficients K_D (representing a steady state of disordering Fe_M2 + Mg_M1 ? Fe_M1 + Mg_M2) are given by: ln K_D = 5.016(±0.223)-7033(±1473) T^?1(X_Fe = 0.175) ln K_D = 1.988(±0.122)-3809(±913)T^?1(X_Fe = 0.770) These distribution coefficients provide the constraint of the disordering reaction on the value of the equilibrium constant for Fe²⁺-Mg order-disorder. Until the low temperature dependence of K_D is well constrained, the calculation of cooling rates of pyroxenes and host rocks cannot be done reliably.     

Melting of wüstite and iron up to pressures of 600 kbar

The effect of pressure on melting temperature of wüstite and iron has been measured with laser-heated diamond anvil cell. The temperature was determined by measuring the thermal radiation emitted by the sample as a function of wavelength in the range from 600 nm to 900 nm to which Planck's radiation function was fitted; the pressure was measured by ruby-fluorescence technique. The melting curve of wüstite in this study when extrapolated to low pressures agrees with Lindsley's (1966) data. Our data are similar to the recent data of Boehler (1992) and close to that of Ringwood and Hibberson (1990) at pressure of 160 kbar, but the melting temperature does not rise as rapidly with increasing pressure as reported by Knittle and Jeanloz (1991). If tungsten emissivity is used in the temperature calculation, the melting curve of iron matches those of Boehler et al. (1990). Use of emissivity of iron in the temperature calculation results in somewhat higher temperatures than those reported by Boehler et al. (1990).     

Lithological description of subcropping Lower and Middle Triasic rocks from the Svalis Dome, Barents Sea

Eleven shallow cores display 315 m of the >700 m thick Lower and Middle Triasic successional of the Svalis Dome, a Salt diapir in the central south-western Barents Sea. The Svalis Dome was uplifted in the late Mesozoic. and Trisassic rocks suherop below Quaternary till around the Upper Palaeozoic core of the dome. Deposition of the Triassic succession took place in deep shelf to basinal environments below storm wave base. The succession is dated by macrofossils and palynomorphs and can be assigned to four formations. The basal beds of the shaly greenish grey Havert Formation (Griesbachian) occur above Permian bioclastic carbonate. The Klappmyss Formation (Smithian) in the lower part contains gravity flow sands deposited as submarine fans pussible triggered by tectonic movements along the adjacent ault zones overlian by silty claystones. An organic-rich dark shale unit is here formally defined as the Steinkobbe overlain by silty claystones. An organic-rich dark shale unit is here formally defined as the Steinkobbe Formation, and was deposited in a large bight by restricted water circulation. The Snadd Formation. on top, representes a marine shelf unit deposited in front of an emerging land area in the north-east. A minimum of six higher order transgressive-regressive sequences are recognized at the Svalis Dome and these are correlated with other Arctic areas.     

Remote sensing techniques in establishing geomorphic-soil relationships

Landform constitutes one of the important factors in establishing a firm relationship between soil development and pertinent morphological characteristics. Therefore, an understanding of the geomorphological processes helps to initiate studies in the characterisation of soil scapes. Landscape-soil relationships also assist in mapping soils rapidly and accurately. Remote sensing data products like aerial photographs and satelite imagery help in the recognition, delineation and satellite imagery help in the recognition, delineation and classification of landforms for genetical studies. Five sample areas selected from heterogeneous climatic environments distinctly reveal geomorphic-soil linkages. In the humid, highly weathered, sedimentary hilly terrain of Tripura, Udalfs, Ochrepts and Orthents are common while in the valleys Aqualfs, and Aquepts occur dominantly. In the arid and hilly terrain of Kutch, shallow Orthents and Orthids form the dominant soils but in the plains, deep Salorthids and Natrargids take a dominant place. The semihumid Malwa plateau and Nagpur consists of Ochrepts and Usterts.     

Study on water-soluble ionic composition of PM10 and related trace gases over Bay of Bengal during W_ICARB campaign

Aerosol (PM₁₀) samples were collected and its precursor gases, i.e., NH₃, NO, NO₂, and SO₂ measured over Bay of Bengal (BoB) during winter months of December 2008 to January 2009 to understand the relationship between particular matter (PM) and precursor gases. The observations were done under the winter phase of Integrated Campaign on Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (W_ICARB). The distribution of water-soluble inorganic ionic composition (WSIC) and its interaction with precursor gases over BoB are reported in present case. Average atmospheric concentration of NH₃, NO, NO_2, and SO₂ were recorded as 4.78?±?1.68, 1.89?±?1.26, 0.31?±?0.14, and 0.80?±?0.30?μg?m^?3, whereas WSIC component of PM₁₀, i.e., NH₄ ⁺, SO₄ ^2?, NO₃ ^?, and Cl^? were recorded as 1.96?±?1.66, 8.68?±?3.75, 1.92?±?1.75, and 2.48?±?0.78?μg?m^?3, respectively. In the present case, abundance of nss-SO₄ ^2? in the particulate matter is recorded as 18?%. It suggests the possibility of long-range transport as well as marine biogenic origin. Higher SO₄ ^2?/(SO₂?+?SO₄ ^2?) equivalent molar ratio during the campaign indicates the gas-to-particle conversion with great efficiency over the study region.     

Thermal Expansion of Periclase (MgO) and Tungsten (W) to Melting Temperatures

 In situ x-ray data on molar volumes of periclase and tungsten have been collected over the temperature range from 300 K to melting. We determine the temperature by combining the technique of spectroradiometry and electrical resistance wire heating. The thermal expansion (α) of periclase between 300 and 3100 K is given by α=2.6025 10⁻⁵+1.3535 10⁻⁸ T+6.5687 10⁻³ T⁻¹−1.8281 T⁻². For tungsten, we have (300 to 3600 K) α=7.862 10⁻⁶+6.392 10⁻⁹ T. The data at 298 K for periclase is: molar volume 11.246 (0.031) cm³, α=3.15 (0.07) 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹, and for tungsten: molar volume 9.55 cm³, α=9.77 (10.08) 10⁻⁶ K⁻¹. Received: July 18, 1996 / Revised, accepted: February 14, 1997     

Aquifer chemistry of the Puga and Chumatang high temperature geothermal systems in India

Results of a chemical study of the fluids from drill holes and hot springs of Puga and Chumatang areas in the northwestern part of the Himalaya are presented and discussed in this paper. The thermal waters of Puga and Chumatang are of Na-HCO₃-Cl and Na-HCO₃ types, respectively. A comparison between these waters, their chemical classification and activity studies suggest a flow path within a quartzitic-schistose basement, containing quartz, K-feldspar and illite, and in clayey terrains containing montmorillonite and illite.The chemistry of thermal waters also indicate their association with magmatic activity. The chemical geothermometers indicate the possible existence of a geothermal reservoir at Puga with temperature ≈250°C. The Chumatang area has a comparatively cooler reservoir with a temperature of 150–180°C.