Research advances in eco-hydrological process and function

Present studies on the coupling relationship and hydrology mechanism between basin ecosystem and hydrological process has become an international research frontier in hydrology. This paper investigates this coupling relationship, and also summarizes research and presents a method of combining isotopic technology with hydro-chemical methods, for the study of eco-hydrological process and function in different landscape zones. We then examine research trends for future direction and development of this field.     

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Drought variability at the northern fringe of the Asian summer monsoon region over the past millennia

The northern fringe of the Asian summer monsoon region (NASM) in China refers to the most northwestern extent of the Asian summer monsoon. Understanding the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of drought variability at long and short time-scales in the NASM region is of great importance, because present and future water shortages are of great concern. Here, we used newly developed and existing tree-ring, historical documentary and instrumental data available for the region to identify spatial and temporal patterns, and possible mechanisms of drought variability, over the past two millennia. We found that drought variations were roughly consistent in the western (the Qilian Mountains and Hexi Corridor) and eastern (the Great Bend of the Yellow River, referred to as GBYR) parts of the NASM on decadal to centennial timescales. We also identified the spatial extent of typical multi-decadal GBYR drought events based on historical dryness/wetness data and the Monsoon Asia Drought Atlas. It was found that the two periods of drought, in AD 1625–1644 and 1975–1999, exhibited similar patterns: specifically, a wet west and a dry east in the NASM. Spatial characteristics of wetness and dryness were also broadly similar over these two periods, such that when drought occurred in the Karakoram Mountains, western Tianshan Mountains, the Pamirs, Mongolia, most of East Asia, the eastern Himalayas and Southeast Asia, a wet climate dominated in most parts of the Indian subcontinent. We suggest that the warm temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific might have been mainly responsible for the recent 1975–1999 drought. Possible causes of the drought of 1625–1644 were the combined effects of the weakened Asian summer monsoon and an associated southward shift of the Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zone. These changes occurred due to a combination of Tibetan Plateau cooling together with more general Northern Hemisphere cooling, rather than being solely due to changes in the sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific. Our results provide a benchmark for comparing and validating paleo-simulations from general circulation model of the variability of the Asian summer monsoon at decadal to centennial timescales.     

基于伪语义相似度模型的中文地址匹配方法

地址匹配中,由于传统相似度模型受字符重叠数影响大,在处理简写、缩写地址要素单元时,错误匹配问题突出;深度学习方法需要大量样本支撑,但庞大的数据量和多样的形式,导致生成样本的成本过高。为解决上述问题,本文首先应用基于条件随机场和双向长短时记忆神经网络的模型,对地址进行分词;然后通过建立一种伪语义相似度,对地址要素进行分级匹配。通过对公安业务中地址数据进行测试,在对缩写、简写等不规范地址描述方面,本文模型能较理想地完成任务,各参考指标均高于0.9。     

融合工程地质资料与GNSS高精度监测信息的黑方台党川黄土滑坡稳定性研究

针对当前滑坡稳定性评价方法难以准确获取评价结果的突出问题,本文提出了一种融合地下水、工程地质钻孔信息及灌溉资料等工程地质资料与GNSS观测的黄土滑坡稳定性评价方法。首先,基于高分辨率影像、高精度DEM、地层地貌等多源异构数据,建立滑坡精细三维地质模型体;然后,将滑坡外部高精度GNSS监测数据作为模型外部约束条件,进一步构建起融合工程地质资料与GNSS观测的黄土滑坡稳定性综合评价模型。本文方法能够将滑坡外部大地测量高精度监测数据与工程地质数值模拟手段有机融合,实现了滑坡外部形变信息与内部变形机制的有效耦合。通过我国典型黄土滑坡域甘肃黑方台党川实际发生的两起滑坡失稳事件验证表明,本文方法可有效地提高滑坡稳定性评价结果的精度及可靠性,获取了与试验区域滑坡实际失稳情况相一致的结果:HF06/07 GNSS监测点首先失稳,其次是HF09监测点失稳,最后是HF05监测点失稳。基于本文方法获取的滑坡失稳顺序与实际滑坡发生顺序高度一致,显著优于现有的滑坡失稳数值模拟法。     

真空预压法在珠江流域某冲填土场地的应用

依托珠江流域某冲填土场地工程实例,介绍了真空预压法的施工参数及应用效果,另对“薄弱部位”泥浆搅拌桩密封墙处地层的强度进行了定量分析,结果表明真空预压法适用于此类场地,加固效果明显,但密封墙位置强度降幅较大,需采取换填等措施二次处理后才能使用,可为其他类似工程提供参考经验.     

四川盆地震旦系灯影组葡萄状白云岩成因

四川盆地震旦系灯影组发育巨厚的白云岩,其中灯影组二段和四段发育大量具有各种形态的葡萄状白云岩,其直径最长可达75cm,有的平行于层面,有的穿层。剖面资料表明,葡萄状白云岩发育多期等厚环边胶结物,中部残留大量未充填的不规则洞穴,这成为与岩溶喀斯特作用相关的地下溶蚀作用的证据。围岩泥晶白云石为早期海水中原生结晶的产物,后来的胶结物可划分为4期: (1)自泥晶化白云石(部分样品中可见)作为最早的一期胶结物,由于各种生物化学作用和生物作用的影响而紧贴着围岩发育;(2)第2期胶结物纤维状白云石可能为海水中直接沉淀的产物,经历后期成岩作用后,具有完全有序的结构,晶胞参数接近理想值;(3)细—中晶白云石为第3期胶结物,包含纤维状白云石溶蚀残余,形成于构造抬升之后的近地表大气淡水环境;(4)第4期胶结物中—粗晶白云石为埋藏环境下直接结晶的产物,充填了孔洞中心,残留部分未充填孔洞。灯影组受到了岩溶喀斯特作用、胶结作用以及白云石化作用等成岩作用的影响,其中与葡萄状白云岩有关的岩溶喀斯特作用对于灯影组储集层的发育至关重要。对灯影组葡萄状白云岩的研究,不仅有助于深入探讨灯影组储集层成因和演化及灯影组白云岩的成因,而且有助于指导四川盆地前寒武系油气勘探。     

陕北煤矿区地质环境保护与恢复治理措施——以神府矿区郭家湾煤矿为例

郭家湾煤矿地处神府矿区新民采区西北部,为生态环境脆弱区。井田七层煤三个煤组开采后引发地面塌陷、含水层疏干、土地结构变化等地质环境问题,严重制约了地方经济的发展。为了煤炭资源可持续发展,研究陕北煤矿区地质环境保护与恢复治理措施,以1∶10000野外详细调查为依据,首先进行现状评估,然后针对矿山工程建设可能遭受、加剧、引发的矿山地质环境问题进行预测评估,最后提出了以移民搬迁、回填裂缝、生态恢复、建立矿山地质环境监测体系等为主的防治措施,让煤矿开采与矿山地质环境问题恢复治理并行。旨为陕北地区乃至全国煤矿,在保护地质环境中开发利用矿产资源提供依据和示范。     

Investigating soil thermodynamic parameters of the active layer on the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The soil thermodynamic parameters, including thermal conductivity, diffusivity and volumetric capacity within the active layer on the northern Tibetan Plateau, were calculated using the measured data of soil temperature gradient, heat flux, and moisture at four stations from October 2003 to September 2004. The results showed that the soil thermodynamic parameters exhibited clear seasonal fluctuation. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity in summer and autumn at Beiluhe, Kexinling, and Tongtianhe were larger than those in winter. The volumetric thermal capacity causes an opposite change; it was larger in autumn and winter than in summer. In spring, the soil thermal conductivity at the Kekexili station was larger than that in summer. Generally, fine-grained soils and lower saturation degrees in the topsoil might be a reason for the lower soil thermal conductivity in winter. For a given soil, soil moisture was the main factor influencing the thermodynamic parameters. The unfrozen water content that existed in frozen soils greatly affected the soil thermal conductivity, whose contribution rate was estimated to be 55 %. The thermodynamic parameters of frozen soils could be expressed as a function of soil temperature, volumetric ice content and soil salinity, while for the unfrozen ground the soil moisture content is the dominant factor for those thermal parameters. As for the soil thermal diffusivity, there exists a critical value of soil moisture content. When the soil moisture content becomes less than a critical value, the soil thermal diffusivity increases as the soil moisture content rises.     

Occurrence modes and cleaning potential of sulfur and some trace elements in a high-sulfur coal from Pu’an coalfield,SW Guizhou,China

In this research, a float-sink test was applied to a Late Permian high-sulfur coal collected from Pu’an coalfield, Southwest in Guizhou, China. To investigate the occurrence modes and the mobility of various trace elements, as well as the cleaning potential of some harmful elements in density separation, coal quality parameters and concentrations of 46 elements of 7 density fractionated samples were determined and statistically analyzed. Results show that larger size and higher density fractions have higher total sulfur content and ash yield than the smaller and lower ones. In fact, most (74.39 %) of the total sulfur occurs in the inorganic matter. Affinity and correlation analysis show that Mo and Ni have apparently strong organic affinity, whereas Rh, Cs, Sr, Co, Nb, Zr, V, Ga, Sc, Be, Ge, Hf, Th, U, Ag, As, In, Cu, Cd, Ta, Li, TI, and Ba are mostly in the heavy fractions. Rare earth element (REE) patterns for the seven density fractions present good uniformity and show that they are of right-inclined pattern type characterized by Light REE (LREE, La ~ Eu) enrichment relative to Heavy REE (HREE, Gd ~ Lu) and pronounced negative δ _Eu anomalies. This suggests that REE was mainly derived from basalt-weathered materials. LRREE/HREE ratio variations reveal that LREE has stronger affinity with the organic matter relative to the HREE, while high LRREE/HREE in heavy fractions may be related to pyrite. Supposing the maximum sulfur content of the cleaned coal is 1.00 %, the theoretical removal ratios of Co, TI, and Ba are as high as 90.94, 93.73, and 92.29 %, respectively, while those of As, Ni and Mo are only 56.33, 48.85, and 45.05 %, respectively. As these figures change with different maximum sulfur contents required for the cleaned coal, not only the decrease of sulfur and ash in coal washing, but also the mobility of some harmful trace elements should be taken into consideration.