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341.
Sulfur removal using adsorption requires a proper process parametric study to determine its optimal performance characteristics. In this study, response surface methodology was employed for sulfur removal from model oil (dibenzothiophene; DBT dissolved in iso‐octane) using commercial activated carbon (CAC) as an adsorbent. Experiments were carried out as per central composite design with four input parameters such as initial concentration (C0: 100–900 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (m: 2–22 g/L), time of adsorption (t: 15–735 min), and temperature (T: 10–50°C). Regression analysis showed good fit of the experimental data to the second‐order polynomial model with coefficient of determination R2‐value of 0.9390 and Fisher F‐value of 16.5. The highest removal of sulfur by CAC was obtained with m = 20 g/L, t = 6 h, and T = 30°C. 相似文献
342.
The National Research Council has estimated that over 126,000 contaminated groundwater sites are unlikely to achieve low ug/L clean‐up goals in the foreseeable future. At these sites, cost‐effective, long‐term monitoring schemes are needed in order to understand the long‐term changes in contaminant concentrations. Current monitoring optimization schemes rely on site‐specific evaluations to optimize groundwater monitoring frequency. However, when using linear regression to estimate the long‐term zero‐order or first‐order contaminant attenuation rate, the effect of monitoring frequency and monitoring duration on the accuracy and confidence for the estimated attenuation rate is not site‐specific. For a fixed number of monitoring events, doubling the time between monitoring events (e.g., changing from quarterly monitoring to semi‐annual monitoring) will double the accuracy of estimated attenuation rate. For a fixed monitoring frequency (e.g., semi‐annual monitoring), increasing the number of monitoring events by 60% will double the accuracy of the estimated attenuation rate. Combining these two factors, doubling the time between monitoring events (e.g., quarterly monitoring to semi‐annual monitoring) while decreasing the total number of monitoring events by 38% will result in no change in the accuracy of the estimated attenuation rate. However, the time required to collect this dataset will increase by 25%. Understanding that the trade‐off between monitoring frequency and monitoring duration is not site‐specific should simplify the process of optimizing groundwater monitoring frequency at contaminated groundwater sites. 相似文献
343.
The present study was carried out in Tungnath alpine meadows of Kedarnath Wild Life Sanctuary, Western Himalaya from subalpine to upper alpine zone. A total of four summits were selected along an altitudinal gradient and sampled for detailed vegetation analysis using multi summit approach as per Global observation research initiative in alpine environments(GLORIA). Species richness, diversity, and evenness among four summits as well as the interaction between environmental variables with plant communities were assessed. Monthly mean soil temperature was calculated using data retrieved from geo-precision temperature logger in order to identify the trend of soil temperature among different season and altitudinal gradient and its implications to plant communities. Soil samples were analyzed fromeach summit by collecting randomized composite soil samples. The indirect non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS) and direct canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) tools of ordination techniques to determine the linkage between plant species from various sample summits and biotic/abiotic environmental gradients were used in the present study. The results of the study demonstrated increase in species richness as soil temperature increases, the ecotone representing summits were found most warm summits followed by highest species richness. Annual soil temperature increased by 1.43°C at timberline ecotone. Whereas, at upper alpine zone the soil temperature increased by 0.810 C from year 2015 to 2016. S?rensen's similarity index was found to be increased between subalpine and upper alpine zone with increase in the presence of subalpine plant species at upper alpine zone. Both the ordination tools separate the subalpine summit and their respective vegetation from summits representingtimberline ecotone and upper alpine zone. Soil p H, altitude, soil cation exchange capacity were found as the key abiotic drivers for distribution of plant species. 相似文献
344.
Estimating boundary currents from satellite altimetry: A case study for the east coast of India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fabien Durand Doraiswamy Shankar Florence Birol S. Satheesh Chandra Shenoi 《Journal of Oceanography》2008,64(6):831-845
We present a methodology to derive surface geostrophic current from a newly released altimetric sea-level data set. TOPEX/Poseidon
data were first completely reprocessed from Geophysical Data Records using new algorithms accommodating marginal seas and
coastal conditions. The methodology applied to the reprocessed data essentially consists of a smoothing of the raw along-track
coastal altimetric data at scales at which the geostrophic equilibrium holds. This was reduced to a computational procedure
using a set of objective criteria. We have applied the method to the East India Coastal Current (EICC) at the western boundary
of the Bay of Bengal. This paper first examines the quality of the new data set, which compares well with tide-gauge data;
the current we derived is consistent with independent estimates. Our methodology reveals the full spectrum of the along-shore
current, ranging from intra-seasonal to inter-annual time scales, from the deep ocean to the shelf-break area where the EICC
exists. The algorithm can be applied to any coastal region where an order of the Rossby radius can be defined, and it therefore
opens up bright prospects for mapping the variability of other boundary-current systems in the world ocean from altimetry. 相似文献
345.
Tourism industry has become an important part of Indian economy, and tourism development has been, however, concentrated to a few areas. Accumulation of tourism activities has reached the critical stage in most of the tourism centers, which pose serious threats to the natural environment. The Bhyundar Valley of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) in Uttarakhand State of the Indian Himalaya is a burning example of such problems. Land use/cover changes, deforestation and accumulation of garbage are some of the negative impacts of unregulated tourism in the valley. Unsustainable activities of tourists and villagers in the valley make such problems very severe. To deal with the ongoing problems and ensure community involvement in tourism management and environmental conservation, the Biosphere Reserve Authority introduced ecotourism in the form of Eco Development Committees (EDCs) in the Bhyundar Valley. Study reveals that many problems associated with tourism have been minimized to some extent with the help of EDCs but few are still prevailing in valley. However, the existing attempts to conserve the valley from the negative effects of tourism are inadequate and modifications are needed in the current initiatives. 相似文献
346.
Absorption against the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), called the anomalous absorption, is an unusual phenomenon. The transition 111–110 at 4.829 GHz of formaldehyde (H2CO) was the first one showing the anomalous absorption. The c-C3H2 is the second molecule showing anomalous absorption through its transition 220–211 at 21.590 GHz. Structure of thioformaldehyde (H2CS) is very similar to that of the H2CO. Therefore, we have investigated about the physical conditions under which the transition 111– 110 at 1.0465 GHz of H2CS would be found in anomalous absorption in cool cosmic objects. As in case of H2CO, the anomalous absorption of 111–110 of H2CS is found sensitive to the relative collisional rates and it requires that the collisional rate for the transition 111–211 must be smaller than that for the transition 110–212. 相似文献
347.
Jetta Satyanarayana Loka Arun Kumar Reddy Monika Jain Kulshrestha R Nageswara Rao Umesh Chandra Kulshrestha 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2010,66(3):101-116
Samples of rain water were collected during monsoon season (June to September) of 2006 and 2007 at Hudegadde, a rural site
located in an ecological sensitive area of Western Ghats. The collected samples were analyzed for pH, conductivity and major
ions. At this site, rainwater pH varied from 4.20 to 7.39 with 5.65 as volume weighed mean. The observed mean was slightly
lower than the average pH reported at most of the Indian continental sites. Monthly variation showed that average pH of rain
water was the lowest during September (end of monsoon) and the highest during July (peak of monsoon). Overall, marine sources
had dominating influence at this site. However, significant influence of anthropogenic and crustal sources from local as well
as inter-continental regions was also noticed. As compared to NO3−, higher concentration of SO42− was noticed which might be due to contribution from industrial activities responsible for SO2 emission. At this site, influence of five types of airmass trajectories was noticed i.e. i) C.I.O. (Central part of Indian
Ocean)-when air masses blown from Maldives and nearby region of central Indian ocean. These airmasses had higher concentrations
of nss Ca2+ which did not show any adverse impact on the pH; ii) N.W.I.O.(North-West Indian Ocean)-when airmasses travelled from oceanic region close to north-east Africa. These airmassses had higher
concentrations of nss sulphate and nitrate and gave rise to acid rain; iii) S.W.I.O. (South -West Indian Ocean)- when airmasses
came from southern part of Indian ocean (close to Mauritius). During these airmasses, rain water samples had almost equal
ratio of nss SO42− and nss Ca2+ similar to N.W.I.O but very low NO3− ; iv) Gulf-when airmasses were observed coming from Gulf region. Although these airmasses contributed only 2% of the total
number of samples but carried high amount of nss SO42− which gave rise to acid rain. The second lowest pH was observed during these airmasses which might be due to very high nssSO42−/nssCa2+ ratios; v) N.W.I.O. + S.W.I.C. (North-West Indian Ocean+South-West Indian Continental)- when airmasses originated from north-west
Indian Ocean travelling towards south continental part of India and then arriving to the site. During these airmasses, samples
showed typical influence of urban activities having high concentrations of nss SO42− and NO3− leading to the lowest pH of rain water. 相似文献
348.
Environmental, biological, socio-cultural and economic status variation existing in the Central Himalaya have led to the evolution
of diverse and unique traditional agroecosystems, crop species and livestock, which facilitate the traditional mountain farming
societies to sustain themselves. Indigenous agroecosystems are highly site specific and differ from place to place, as they
have evolved along divergent lines. For maintenance of traditional agrodiversity management the farmers of the Central Himalaya
have evolved various types of crop rotations in consonance with the varied environmental conditions and agronomic requirements.
In irrigated flat lands two crops are harvested in a year with negligible fallow period but in rainfed conditions if a cropping
sequence is presumed to be starting after winter fallow phase then four major cropping seasons can be identified namely first
kharif season (first crop season), first rabi season (second crop season), second kharif season (third crop season) and second
rabi season (fourth crop season). Highest crop diversity is present in kharif season in comparison to rabi season. Traditionally
the fields are left fallow after harvest of the second kharif season crop. Important characteristics of agrodiversity management
are the use of bullocks for draught power, human energy as labour, crop residues as animal feed and animal waste mixed with
forest litter as organic input to restore soil fertility levels. Women provide most of the human labour except for ploughing
and threshing grain. The present study deals with assessment of traditional agrodiversity management such as (i) crop diversity,
(ii) realized yield under the traditional practices and (iii) assess the differences of realized yields under sole and mixed
cropping systems. It indicated that crop rotation is an important feature of the Central Himalayan village ecosystem which
helps to continue the diversity of species grown, as are the distribution of crops in the growing period and the management
of soil fertility. The cropping diversity existing and the sequences practiced by the traditional farmers seems to have achieved
high degree of specialization and thus even when the yield/biomass variations are about 60%, the farmers continue to practice
these sequences as they need to maintain diversity and synergistic relationships of crops in addition to manage the food and
labour requirements for crop husbandry. Crop yields are generally higher in irrigated systems than rainfed systems and in
sole cropping as compared with mixed cropping. However, gross biological and economic yields are higher in mixed cropping
than sole cropping systems. 相似文献
349.
350.
Distillery and tanneries are major source of heavy metals pollution in natural wetland sites in India. Present study deals
with the heavy metals accumulation potential of Typha angustifolia and Cyperus esculentus growing in distillery and tannery effluent polluted wetland sites. The metal accumulation pattern in both macrophytes showed
direct correlation with the metal content in sediments. Both macrophytes were observed root accumulator for Fe, Cr, Pb, Cu,
and Cd. The metal accumulation in T. angustifolia was found higher than C. esculentus, and accumulation pattern was Fe > Mn > Cr > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd. Simultaneously, chlorophyll, protein, cysteine, and
ascorbic acid were also induced in T. angustifolia than C. esculentus. In addition, formation of multinucleolus in shoot of T. angustifolia was found an evidence of extra protein synthesis for tolerance under stress conditions. Hence, C. esculentus was observed potential but less tolerance for metals than T. angustifolia. Therefore, these wetland plants could be used for phytoremediation of heavy metals from wastewater. 相似文献