网络化教育和培训将是21世纪的重要教育方式

在即将进入 2 1世纪的今天 ,世界各国尤其是西方科技发达国家都在积极构建和提升国家信息基础 (NationalInformationInfrastructure)建设。其重要目的之一就是要适应即将来临的信息社会对教育训练的极高需求。本文将要阐述教育学习需求转变的原因 ,信息网络(web)教学的意义以及它在未来学习中将要扮演的角色 ,以及西方国家网络教育训练技术的现状与发展方向     

Statistical downscaling of historical monthly mean winds over a coastal region of complex terrain. I. Predicting wind speed

Surface wind speed is a key climatic variable of interest in many applications, including assessments of storm-related infrastructure damage and feasibility studies of wind power generation. In this work and a companion paper (van der Kamp et al. 2011), the relationship between local surface wind and large-scale climate variables was studied using multiple regression analysis. The analysis was performed using monthly mean station data from British Columbia, Canada and large-scale climate variables (predictors) from the NCEP-2 reanalysis over the period 1979–2006. Two regression-based methodologies were compared. The first relates the annual cycle of station wind speed to that of the large-scale predictors at the closest grid box to the station. It is shown that the relatively high correlation coefficients obtained with this method are attributable to the dominant influence of region-wide seasonality, and thus contain minimal information about local wind behaviour at the stations. The second method uses interannually varying data for individual months, aggregated into seasons, and is demonstrated to contain intrinsically local information about the surface winds. The dependence of local wind speed upon large-scale predictors over a much larger region surrounding the station was also explored, resulting in 2D maps of spatial correlations. The cross-validated explained variance using the interannual method was highest in autumn and winter, ranging from 30 to 70% at about a dozen stations in the region. Reasons for the limited predictive skill of the regressions and directions for future progress are reviewed.     

Methane emission measurements in urban areas in Eastern Germany

We have investigated methane emissions from urban sources in the former East Germany using innovative measurement techniques including a mobile real-time methane instrument and tracer release experiments. Anthropogenic and biogenic sources were studied with the emphasis on methane emissions from gas system sources, including urban distribution facilities and a production plant. Methane fluxes from pressure regulating stations ranged from 0.006 to 24. l/min. Emissions from diffuse sources in urban areas were also measured with concentration maps and whole city flux experiments. The area fluxes of the two towns studied were 0.37 and 1.9 g/m²/s. The emissions from individual gas system stations and total town emissions of this study are comparable to results of similar sites examined in the United States.     

Convective signals from surface measurements at ARM Tropical Western Pacific site: Manus

Madden?CJulian Oscillation (MJO) signals have been detected using highly sampled observations from the U.S. DOE ARM Climate Research Facility located at the Tropical Western Pacific Manus site. Using downwelling shortwave radiative fluxes and derived shortwave fractional sky cover, and the statistical tools of wavelet, cross wavelet, and Fourier spectrum power, we report finding major convective signals and their phase change from surface observations spanning from 1996 to 2006. Our findings are confirmed with the satellite-gauge combined values of precipitation from the NASA Global Precipitation Climatology Project and the NOAA interpolated outgoing longwave radiation for the same location. We find that the Manus MJO signal is weakest during the strongest 1997?C1998 El Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) year. A significant 3?C5-month lead in boreal winter is identified further between Manus MJO and NOAA NINO3.4 sea surface temperature (former leads latter). A striking inverse relationship is found also between the instantaneous synoptic and intraseasonal phenomena over Manus. To further study the interaction between intraseasonal and diurnal scale variability, we composite the diurnal cycle of cloudiness for 21-MJO events that have passed over Manus. Our diurnal composite analysis of shortwave and longwave fractional sky covers indicates that during the MJO peak (strong convection), the diurnal amplitude of cloudiness is reduced substantially, while the diurnal mean cloudiness reaches the highest value and there are no significant phase changes. We argue that the increasing diurnal mean and decreasing diurnal amplitude are caused by the systematic convective cloud formation that is associated with the wet phase of the MJO, while the diurnal phase is still regulated by the well-defined solar forcing. This confirms our previous finding of the anti-phase relationship between the synoptic and intraseasonal phenomena. The detection of the MJO over the Manus site provides further opportunities in using other ground-based remote sensing instruments to investigate the vertical distributions of clouds and radiative heatings of the MJO that currently is impossible from satellite observations.     

Evolution of Cold-Air-Pooling Processes in Complex Terrain

Elucidating cold-air-pooling processes forms part of the longstanding problem of parametrizing the effects of complex terrain in larger-scale numerical models. The Weather Research and Forecasting model has been set-up and run at high resolution over an idealized alpine-valley domain with a width of order 10 km, to investigate the four-dimensional variation of key cold-air-pooling forcing mechanisms, under decoupled stable conditions. Results of the simulation indicated that the total average valley-atmosphere cooling is driven by a complex balance/interplay between radiation and dynamical effects. Three fairly distinct regimes in the evolution of cold-air-pooling processes have been identified. Starting about 1 h before sunset, there is an initial 30-min period when the downslope flows are initiated and the total average valley-atmosphere instantaneous cooling is dominated by radiative heat loss. A period of instability follows, when there is a competition between radiation and dynamical effects, lasting some 90 min. Finally, there is a gradual reduction of the contribution of radiative cooling from 75 to 37 %. The maximum cold-air-pool intensity corresponds to the time of minimum radiative cooling, within the period of instability. Although, once the flow is established, the valley atmosphere cools at broadly similar rates by radiation and dynamical effects, overall, radiation effects dominate the total average valley-atmosphere cooling. Some of the intricacies of the valley mixing have been revealed. There are places where the dynamics dominate the cooling and radiation effects are minor. Characteristics of internal gravity waves propagating away from the slopes are discussed.     

浙江长兴煤山地区吴家坪阶-长兴阶界线地层的再认识

浙江长兴煤山的 D剖面经多年研究 ,已成为二叠系长兴阶的单位层型和二叠系 -三叠系全球界线层型 ,并被推荐为吴家坪阶 -长兴阶全球界线层型的候选剖面 ,因该剖面上龙潭组地层出露较少 ,以致国内对长兴组与龙潭组的接触关系存有不同意见 ,给层型剖面的建立带来不利影响。在清理和研究了 D剖面西侧 30 0 m处 C剖面的吴家坪阶 -长兴阶界线层段后 ,证实了煤山地区龙潭组与长兴组为整合接触 ,对相关化石的地层分布也获得进一步的认识     

塔西南玄武岩年代学和地球化学特征及其对二叠纪地幔柱岩浆演化的制约

本文通过对塔西南达木斯剖面中玄武岩进行K-Ar同位素定年,获得年龄为289.6Ma,并结合Ar-Ar坪年龄结果(290.1Ma)和古生物以及沉积特征,认为290Ma的年龄代表了塔西南玄武岩形成于早二叠世,对应于盆地内下二叠统库普库兹满组下段层位的年龄.地球化学特征显示塔西南熔岩为分异的碱性玄武岩并含45%SiO2和4%MgO含量.塔西南玄武岩与盆地内柯坪玄武岩具有相近的主量元素含量和稀土配分与微量元素蜘蛛网图型、无Eu异常、富集轻稀土元素、较高的其它不相容元素(如高场强元素).但塔西南玄武岩比柯坪玄武岩具有较高的A12O2和CaO含量及稀土总量(288×10-6～358×10-6),偏低的Na2O,P2O5和FeO含量.K、Rb和Cs丰度的无系统性变化主要受这些元素丰度本身变化的影响.对其它不活动组分,塔西南玄武岩具有高Ti(Ti/Y=522～624)和Nb含量(30×10-6～40×10-6)及低zr/Nb比值,暗示其来自富集的地幔源区.其Nb含量相对La含量无显著变化以及相对低的Nb/U(近30)和Ce/Pb比值(近15),指示塔西南玄武熔岩来自大陆岩石圈或受一定程度的地壳混染.塔里木盆地大规模的火山喷发以及富集不相容元素的地球化学特征支持这样一种假设,即塔西南玄武岩来自地幔柱火山作用,或由于地幔柱的供热和上升导致富集的岩石圈地幔部分熔融而形成.且岩浆作用过程以部分熔融为主,结晶分异作用较弱.基于塔西南玄武岩和柯坪玄武岩相近的时代、源区成分和/或岩浆作用过程以及处于陆内稳定构造环境,笔者认为塔里木二叠纪玄武岩的分布范围可以从塔里木盆地内的塔中、柯坪一带一直延伸到塔西南地区.     

Petrology of the zoned calcalkaline magma chamber of Mount Mazama,Crater Lake,Oregon

Evolution of the magma chamber at Mount Mazama involved repeated recharge by two types of andesite (high-Sr and low-Sr), crystal fractionation, crystal accumulation, assimilation, and magma mixing (Bacon and Druitt 1988). This paper addresses the modal compositions, textures, mineral chemistry and magmatic temperatures of (i) products of the 6845±50 BP climactic eruption, (ii) blocks of partially fused granitoid wallrock found in the ejecta, and (iii) preclimactic rhyodacitic lavas leaked from the chamber in late Pleistocene and early Holocene time. Immediately prior to the climactic eruption the chamber contained ≳ 40 km³ of rhyodacite (10 vol% plag + opx + aug + hb + mt + ilm, ∼880° C) overlying high-Sr andesite and cumulus-crystal mush (28–51 vol% plag + hb ± opx ± aug + mt ± ilm, 880° to ≥950° C), which in turn overlay low-Sr crystal mush (50–66 vol% plag + opx + aug ± hb ± ol + mt + ilm, 890° to ≥950† C). Despite the well known compositional gap in the ejecta, no thermal discontinuity existed in the chamber. Pre-eruptive water contents of pore liquids in most high-Sr and low-Sr mushes were 4–6 wt%, but on average the high-Sr mushes were slightly richer in water. Although parental magmas of the crystal mushes were andesitic, xenocrysts of bytownite and Ni-rich magnesian olivine in some scoriae record the one-time injection of basalt into the chamber. Textures in ol-bearing scoriae preserve evidence for the reactions ol + liq = opx and ol + aug + liq(+ plag?) = hb, which occurred in andesitic liquids at Mount Mazama. Strontium abundances in plagioclase phenocrysts constrain the petrogenesis of preclimactic and climactic rhyodacites. Phenocryst cores derived from high-Sr and low-Sr magmas have different Sr contents which can be resolved by microprobe. Partition coefficients for plagioclase in andesitic to rhyolitic glasses range from 2 to 7, and increase as glass %SiO₂ increases. Evolved Pleistocene rhyodacites (∼30–25,000 BP) and rhyodacites of the Holocene Llao Rock center (7015±45 BP) contain Sr-poor plagioclase and are derivatives from low-Sr magma. Rhyodacites of the Pleistocene Sharp Peak domes, Holocene Cleetwood flow (∼6850 BP), and climactic ejecta contain discrete Sr-rich and Sr-poor plagioclase phenocryst populations and are hybrids produced by mixing low-Sr rhyodacite (containing Sr-poor plag + opx + aug) with a more mafic high-Sr magma (with Sr-rich plag [ + hb?]). The data reinforce the conclusions of crystal-liquid mixing calculations (Bacon and Druitt 1988), and suggest some important refinements to the magma chamber model.     

Revision der geologischen Zeittafel für Nordamerika

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