Spectroscopic and bond-topological investigation of interstitial volatiles in beryl from Slovakia

Nine beryl samples from Western Carpathians, Slovakia, were investigated by infrared and Raman spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis. Two types of water H₂O I and H₂O II were detected. Infrared spectroscopy proved the presence of water type I and II in the presence of alkali cations with several bands: (1) symmetric stretching vibration—ν₁; (2) antisymmetric stretching mode—ν₃; (3) bending vibration—ν₂. The presence of singly and doubly coordinated type II water (IIs and IId) was confirmed by single-crystal IR spectroscopy. From Raman spectra a band at 3606 cm^?1 was assigned to ν₁ of water type I and the range of 3597–3600 cm^?1 to water type II. The presence of doubly coordinating water indicates a relatively highly hydrated environment with the presence of alkali ions including Na as the dominant cation coordinated by H₂O II. CO₂ bands were detected only by single-crystal IR spectroscopy. Thermal analysis proved total water loss in the range of 1.4–2.0 wt% and three main dehydration events. Based on the study of bond-topological arrangements two molecules of H₂O IId are each bound with two H···O1 bonds and one Na–O_W bond with an angular distortion, and by releasing one H₂O molecule more stable H₂O IIs is produced. The H₂O I molecule is bound only by two equivalent hydrogen bonds. The H₂O IIs molecule with a Na–O_W bond strength of 0.28 vu and two H···O1 bonds of 0.14 vu without any forced angular distortion is the most stable of all.     

Conditions and formation mechanism of carbon phases in late quarternary geyzerites and travertines of Ol’khon area and Ol’khon Island (Baikal rift zone)

Late Quaternary geyserite and travertine in Ol’khon Area and Ol’khon Island contain a recently discovered high-temperature association of hydrocarbon and carbonaceous phases, including highly crystalline graphite, α-carbyne, and bitumen, which were produced at temperatures no lower than 400°C. A carbon modification α-carbyne, which was previously found only among experimental products, was first identified in geyserite from the Ol’khon area. Nanometer-sized morphostructures and crystallites were detected on the surface of highly crystalline graphite from the geyserite and travertine. No such structures and crystallites have ever been found on graphite of magmatic, metamorphic, metasomatic, or pneumatolytic origin. The newly formed nanometer-sized morphostructures and crystallites should be regarded as typomorphic features of carbonaceous phases in high-temperature hydrothermal rocks. Graphite was likely produced in the geyserite and travertine by low-pressure polycondenssation of hydrocarbons, at free growth in open space from oversaturated solutions and/or a gas phase.     

南极冰钻钻井液应用性试验研究

钻井液的性质及性能参数对于南极科学钻探有着重要的影响。钻井液除了必须要具备合适的粘度和密度,以满足冷却钻头、平衡孔壁压力、携带冰屑、清洁孔底的要求外,钻井液的性质如导电性、导热性及其腐蚀性对于保证钻具的正常工作、输送孔内信息也有着重要的影响。根据目前已经在南极使用的钻井液类型,分别对6种介质（国产硅油-3cst、KF96硅油-2cst、丁酸乙酯、丁酸丁酯、丁酸戊酯、丙酸丙酯）在不同温度下的电导率、导热系数和对密封件的腐蚀性进行了试验测试,选出了适合南极应用的钻井液类型及在钻具中使用的密封件材质,可供极地钻探选择钻井液类型及钻具设计提供重要的参考。     

Über den Zusammenhang der interdiurnen Veränderlichkeit mit der Dispersion des Luftdruckes

Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von einer Häufigkeitsverteilung der stündlichen Luftdruckschwankungen in der Gaußschen Form wird eine Verteilung für die täglichen Druckänderungen abgeleitet und der Zusammenhang mit der Häufigkeitsverteilung des Luftdruckes hergestellt. Dabei wird die Abhängigkeit des Mittelwertes der Druckschwankungen vom Barometerstand von Bedeutung. Eine solche empirische Ermittlung wurde für Wien in erster Näherung durchgeführt. Auf Grund des erwähnten Zusammenhanges kann die interdiurne Veränderlichkeit durch die Dispersion der Luftdruckhäufigkeitsverteilung ausgedrückt werden, was wiederum den beobachteten Parallelismus zwischen den Linien gleicher Dispersion und gleicher interdiurner Veränderlichkeit wiedergibt. Der errechnete Wert für die interdiurne Veränderlichkeit des Luftdruckes von Wien wird mit dem beobachteten verglichen.

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Summary Starting from a distribution of the hourly variations of atmospheric pressure according to Gauß a distribution for the daily variations is deduced and a connexion with the distribution of pressure is effected. With regard to these considerations the dependence of the mean value of the variations of pressure on the height of the barometer is important. In first approximation a statement of this mean value was made for Vienna. In consequence of the above mentioned connexion the mean value of the daily variations of pressure can be expressed by the dispersion of the distribution of pressure. Thus the observed parallelism between the isolines of the dispersion and those of the interdiurnal variability becomes understandable. The calculated and the observed value of the interdiurnal variability of pressu e at Vienna are compared with one another.

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Résumé Partant d'une distribution des fréquences des variations horaires de la pression atmosphérique selon la loi de Gauss, l'auteur en déduit une distribution des variations interdiurnes comparées à la distribution des fréquences de la pression elle-même. La valeur moyenne des variations de pression dépend de la hauteur barométrique. Vienne fait l'objet d'une telle recherche empirique en première approximation. Se fondant sur la relation mentionnée, on peut exprimer la variabilité interdiurne par la dispersion de la distribution des fréquences de la pression, ce qui met de nouveau en évidence le parallélisme observé entre les isolignes de la dispersion et celles de la variation interdiurne. On compare la valuer calculée de la variabilité interdiurne pour Vienne avec les valeurs observées.

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Mit 2 Textabbildungen.     

Geomorphology,acoustic backscatter,and processes in Santa Monica Bay from multibeam mapping

Santa Monica Bay was mapped in 1996 using a high-resolution multibeam system, providing the first substantial update of the submarine geomorphology since the initial compilation by Shepard and Emery [(1941) Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper 31]. The multibeam mapping generated not only high-resolution bathymetry, but also coregistered, calibrated acoustic backscatter at 95 kHz. The geomorphology has been subdivided into six provinces; shelf, marginal plateau, submarine canyon, basin slope, apron, and basin. The dimensions, gradients, and backscatter characteristics of each province is described and related to a combination of tectonics, climate, sea level, and sediment supply. Fluctuations of eustatic sea level have had a profound effect on the area; by periodically eroding the surface of Santa Monica plateau, extending the mouth of the Los Angeles River to various locations along the shelf break, and by connecting submarine canyons to rivers. A wetter glacial climate undoubtedly generated more sediment to the rivers that then transported the increased sediment load to the low-stand coastline and canyon heads. The trends of Santa Monica Canyon and several bathymetric highs suggest a complex tectonic stress field that has controlled the various segments. There is no geomorphic evidence to suggest Redondo Canyon is fault controlled. The San Pedro fault can be extended more than 30 km to the northwest by the alignment of a series of bathymetric highs and abrupt changes in direction of channel thalwegs.     

Data Assimilation Modeling of the Barotropic Tides in the Korea/Tsushima Strait

During 1999–2000, 13 bottom mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) and 12 wave/tide gauges were deployed along two lines across the Korea/Tsushima Strait, providing long-term measurements of currents and bottom pressure. Tidally analyzed velocity and pressure data from the moorings are used in conjunction with other moored ADCPs, coastal tide gauge measurements, and altimeter measurements in a linear barotropic data assimilation model. The model fits the vertically averaged data to the linear shallow water equations in a least-squares sense by only adjusting the incoming gravity waves along the boundaries. Model predictions are made for the O₁, P₁, K₁, μ₂, N₂, M₂, S₂, and K₂ tides. An extensive analysis of the accuracy of the M₂ surface-height predictions suggests that for broad regions near the mooring lines and in the Jeju Strait the amplitude prediction errors are less than 0.5 cm. Elsewhere, the analysis suggests that errors range from 1 to 4 cm with the exception of small regions where the tides are not well determined by the dataset. The errors in the model predictions are primarily caused by bias error in the model’s physics, numerics, and/or parameterization as opposed to random errors in the observational data. In the model predictions, the highest ranges in sea level height occur for tidal constituents M₂, S₂, K₁, O₁, and N₂, with the highest magnitudes of tidal velocities occurring for M₂, K₁, S₂, and O₁. The tides exhibit a complex structure in which diurnal constituents have higher currents relative to their sea level height ranges than semi-diurnal constituents.