Are Cosmic Rays Influencing Oceanic Cloud Coverage – Or Is It Only El Niño?

The monthly average (C2) cloudcoverage data produced by the International SatelliteCloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) for the period ofJuly 1986–June 1991 show strong global and regionalcloud coverage variations associated with the ElNiño of 1986–1987. The Pacific Ocean, inparticular, shows strong regional variations in cloudcoverage. These agree well with contemporaneoussatellite observations of broadband shortwave infraredcloud forcing measured by the Earth Radiation BudgetExperiment. Svensmark and Friis-Christensen (1997)noted a similarity between the shape of the timeseries curve of average cloud coverage fraction formid- to low-latitude ocean-areas and the time seriescurve of cosmic ray flux intensity. They proposed acausal relationship – a `missing link' for solarcycle influence on Earth climate. Further spatial andtemporal analysis of the same ISCCP C2 data in thispaper indicates that the cloud coverage variationpatterns are those to be expected for the atmosphericcirculation changes characteristic of El Niño,weakening the case for cosmic rays as a climaticforcing factor.     

`Our resistance will be as transnational as capital': Convergence space and strategy in globalising resistance

This paper analyses the emerging globalising networks of communication, solidarity, and information-sharing between social movements and other resistance formations in opposition to neoliberal globalisation. In particular, the paper focuses upon People's Global Action – a network of various social movemnets and grassroots intitiatives from around the world. The paper argues that such a network represents not an organisation, but rather a convergence space – a heterogenous affinity of common ground between resistance formations wherein certain interests, goals, tactics and strategies converge. The paper analyses how space and strategy are negotiated in these globalising terrains of resistance, and argues that place-specific struggles are engaging with alliances and collaborations across diverse boundaries of gender, generation, class, and ethnicity – globalising the common ground between different struggles. Explaining how the internet has been crucial to the development of these networks, the paper argues that the strategies of such networks can be interpreted, in part, through the Taoist text, The Art of War, especially the Taoist notions of terrain, knowing others, and form/lessness. In addition, the paper argues that convergence spaces are fragmented by important issues of language, power, and mobility.     

Determination of the REE in Geological Reference Materials DTS-1 (Dunite) and PCC-1 (Peridotite) by Ultrasonic and Microconcentric Desolvating Nebulisation ICP-MS

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is well suited for the precise, accurate and rapid determination of rare earth elements in most geological samples. However, determination of rare earth elements in certain mantle-derived materials, without applying preconcentration techniques, remains problematical due to low natural concentrations (generally < 1 ng g⁻¹). Consequently, USGS reference materials DTS-1 (a dunite) and PCC-1 (a partially serpentinized harzburgite) have only suggested rather than recommended values for the rare earth elements in reference material compilations. We compared results obtained using two ICP-MS instruments: a U-5000AT ultrasonic nebuliser coupled to a PQ2+ quadrupole ICP-MS and an ELEMENT sector field ICP-MS equipped with a MCN-6000 microconcentric desolvating nebuliser, with the suggested literature values for these two reference materials. Precision and accuracy of analytical methods employed by both instruments were demonstrated by excellent relative standard deviations (< 2%) and inter-laboratory agreement (< 5%) for numerous analyses of BHVO-1 and BIR-1, which are well established with rare earth elements contents at the μg g⁻¹ level. Repeat analyses of DTS-1 and PCC-1 at each laboratory indicate that each method is generally precise to better than 5% at sub-g g⁻¹ levels. Furthermore, values from both instruments generally agree to within 10%. Our DTS-1 and PCC-1 values agree reasonably well with selected data reported in the literature (except for Ce and Sm in DTS-1) but exhibit poorer agreement with reported compilation values. With the demonstrated level of precision and accuracy, we contend that these new values for DTS-1 and PCC-1, generated by two different instruments, are the best estimates of the true whole-rock composition of these samples reported to date.     

SiO2 precipitation in olivine: ATEM investigation of two dunites annealed at 300 MPa in hydrous conditions

Two natural dunites were annealed at pressure P=300 MPa, temperature T=1373, 1473 and 1573 K, and fO₂ within the stability field of olivine. The starting materials contained small amounts of hydroxyls in the form of minor phases of hydrated minerals, which released an aqueous phase during the experiments. A detailed analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM) investigation of these materials revealed that small quantities of two types of silica-rich glass formed during heat treatment. The first type of glass, found at triple junctions as rare partially crystallized glass pockets, results from melting dehydration reactions involving the hydrous phases. The second type of glass is found as pure silica precipitates (0.1–0.5 μm in size, for a total of a few 0.1 vol%) within the olivine grains of specimens heated to ≥1473 K. From considerations of the kinetics of the precipitation at 1473 K, we interpret this silica precipitation as resulting from the condensation of olivine metallic vacancies promoted by increasing fluid fugacities during the runs. Our observations, thus, demonstrate that metastable silica can precipitate in olivine from dunites experiencing rapid changes in their thermodynamical environment.     

Controlled sources for shear-wave surveys in mines

The ability to analyse shear-wave anisotropy in a mine environment is greatly aided by using multiple source orientations of a reproducible, impulsive shear-wave source. The analysis of what is probably the first controlled source shear-wave experiment in a mine environment demonstrates clearly that shear-wave polarizations and time delays between split shear-wave arrivals are reliably measured because of the use of multiple source orientations rather than a single shear-wave source. Reliability is further aided by modelling the shear-wave source radiation pattern, which allows for the unequivocal discrimination between seismic raypaths where shear-wave splitting did and did not occur. The analysis also demonstrates the great importance of high reproducibility of the seismic source for the use of shear waves in time-lapse surveys to monitor changes in a rockmass.     

A Study of Chloride Aerosol, Total Aerosol and Ice Nuclei in the Indian Regions

--Atmospheric aerosols were sampled from aircraft at various levels over Rihand in northern India during the monsoon season of 1974 and at surface levels at Calcutta, Delhi, Varanasi and Jodhpur during different seasons of 1970 and 1971. Millipore filter assembly was used for this purpose. Chloride nuclei, total aerosol and ice nuclei concentrations were evaluated from millipore filters. At Rihand/Varanasi, during the monsoon, the chloride size spectrum was broader and the distribution bimodal at cloud base level while the spectra were narrower and the distributions unimodal at other levels. At Rihand, chloride mass and larger giant chloride number were considerably higher, total aerosol higher while ice nuclei concentrations were lower on the days with moderate rain as compared to those with light rain. Calcutta (maritime) showed maximum while Varanasi (well-inland) showed minimum chloride number concentrations. As compared with Calcutta, Delhi (continental) had lower chloride and total aerosol, and markedly higher ice nuclei concentrations. Varanasi (high rainfall region) showed all the values, except for small-sized chlorides, notably higher with respect to Jodhpur (low rainfall region). Ice nuclei concentration was lowest in winter and highest in summer at Delhi. Variations of the aerosols during different parts of the day/night are also discussed.