Performances of Clustering Methods Considering Data Transformation and Sample Size: An Evaluation with Fisheries Survey Data

Clustering is a group of unsupervised statistical techniques commonly used in many disciplines. Considering their applications to fish abundance data, many     

海滩侵蚀的数值分析模型

介绍了有关海滩侵蚀造成海岸演变问题的数学分析模型。根据海岸线演化和海滩断面的沉积物迁移理论建立一种顺岸方向和垂直岸线方向海岸形状变化的耦合模型。将海滩沉积物被海浪迁移的机理看作由于海水在海滩介质孔隙内渗流侵蚀和海浪对海滩介质冲刷所致的海滩介质的孔隙损伤变化。这种结合数值和解析分析的综合方法可用于模拟海岸演变问题中海岸线 (沿岸方向 )和海滩断面 (垂直海岸线方向 )的变迁情况     

松辽盆地北部中二叠统碳酸盐岩元素和稳定同位素地球化学特征与古环境

松辽盆地中二叠统哲斯组发育一套暗色泥岩、灰色砂砾岩与灰岩沉积组合,灰岩中产海相腕足类和双壳类化石。由于受钻井进尺和取心资料限制,前人对盆地覆盖区晚古生代地层及其沉积环境研究较少。对采自松辽盆地杜101井、杜103井剖面哲斯组的白云质灰岩进行了系统的稳定同位素和微量元素、稀土元素分析,首次获取了盆地覆盖区中二叠统灰岩元素地球化学资料。测试结果显示碳同位素δ¹³C_PDB值一般>0(均值为1.68‰),氧同位素δ¹⁸O_PDB值全部<-15‰(均值为-19.98‰),碳、氧稳定同位素关系图解显示二者呈正相关关系,表明白云岩化作用对灰岩同位素改造作用明显。稀土元素(REE+Y)总量为56.88×10^-6~143.72×10^-6,均值为108.92×10^-6,PAAS标准化后显示具有轻稀土相对于中稀土和重稀土亏损、δEu(均值0.94,最大值1.57)负异常、δCe(均值0.87,最大值1.06)普遍负异常和相对高的Y/Ho均值(均值34.59)等特点,与正常海相具有大体相同的稀土元素配分模式;而微量元素Ba(均值281.55×10^-6)、Zn(均值71.91×10^-6)、Y(均值17.44×10^-6)、Zr(均值117.75×10^-6)和Rb(均值66.84×10^-6)等元素含量整体较高,Sr/Ba(均值2.91)、Th/U(均值2.75)、V/Cr(均值1.45)和V/(V+Ni)(均值0.66)等比值适中,指示研究区哲斯组沉积时期主体为一种频繁受陆源碎屑混染作用影响的碳酸盐台地或滨海岸环境。     

寒潮冷锋过境期间湍流特征量及其谱分析

利用两台超声风速温度仪于1992年12月至1993年1月间,在中国科学院大气物理研究所气象观测塔47 m和120 m两个高度观测到的风速三个正交分量以及温度的湍流脉动资料,计算分析寒潮冷锋过境时局地湍流特征量的日变化以及风速分量和温度的归一化湍流能谱。它们都在不同程度上反应出较大尺度湍流的特征。     

Mini-Sodar Observations of Drainage Flows in the Rocky Mountains

Summary  Vertical profiles of drainage winds were monitored continuously by a Doppler-Mini-Sodar during case studies in two valleys, on both sides of the U. S. Continental Divide. A tethered balloon provided additional information on the vertical temperature and wind structure up to the Divide level. Ambient wind data were collected by a radar wind profiler on the west side, and a tower on the crest of the Divide. The onset, evolution and breakup of the drainage flow were studied on two nights, when the ridge-top winds were westerly and skies were clear. To study the influence of the ambient flow on drainage winds, changes in drainage wind speed, direction and depth, along with the volume flux were examined. It was found that, on the leeward side, the drainage was strongly influenced by the ambient winds (King, 1995b), which led to interruption and erosion of the locally generated valley flow. The drainage on the windward side of the Divide was almost undisturbed. A comparison of balloon and sodar wind profiles showed very good agreement during steady drainage conditions. Received October 21, 1996 Revised November 30, 1998     

中扬子北缘京山二叠系古油藏特征及石油地质意义

通过详细的野外地质调查和有机地球化学、流体包裹体、(U-Th)/He、裂变径迹及盆地模拟等测试分析手段,深入系统地探讨了中扬子北缘京山雁门口二叠系古油藏源岩、原油有机地球化学特征及古油藏形成-改造过程。研究结果表明：区内二叠系烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好,属于优质烃源岩;区内油气显示主要为黄绿色或褐黄色轻质油苗,产状以晶洞型、裂缝型和缝洞型为主;源岩和原油的有机质主要来源于海相还原环境,推测原油可能主要来源于二叠系烃源岩,为自生自储;古油藏油气显示保存至今的最主要因素可能是保存条件或封闭条件较好。通过流体包裹体和地层埋藏史分析认为,区内二叠系烃源岩生油时间主要在早三叠世初期;而在晚三叠世-晚侏罗世(203~159 Ma)有一期或多期与油气运移有关的热流体活动,同时也是古油藏形成的关键期。裂变径迹和(U-Th)/He热年代学证据则显示古油藏形成后主要经历3期构造叠加改造(晚侏罗-早白垩世的强烈构造抬升-冷却、晚白垩世-古近纪早期的缓慢抬升-冷却及古近纪中后期以来的相对强烈的抬升-冷却),其中晚侏罗世-早白垩世的构造抬升剥蚀-冷却事件可能是古油藏被改造,乃至完全破坏的主要因素。通过对该古油藏系统分析认为,在中扬子燕山期构造活动较弱地区,二叠系裂缝、晶洞发育带内上古生界海相油气勘探潜力较大。     

FOSE系统中的新一代天气雷达拼图及单站产品制作

气象数据宽带通信网的建设为实现全国新一代多普勒天气雷达资料的实时应用提供了支撑。本文介绍了国家气象中心预报业务支持环境(FOSE)下的,基于准实时PUP产品的高频度全国和区域雷达拼图以及单站雷达产品的设计制作方法和业务化流程。作者参与开发的雷达拼图产品制作服务程序充分考虑了业务实际需求,设计灵活,投入使用以来运行稳定。     

Ediacaran (Sinian) palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Upper Yangtze area,China, and its tectonic implications

ABSTRACT

The Ediacaran (ca. 635–541 Ma) was a critical period in Earth history, which saw a dramatic transformation in global biological, chemical and climatic conditions, making it one of the most intensively investigated time intervals worldwide. As the first mixed clastic–carbonate succession deposited on the Upper Yangtze Craton, the Ediacaran succession overlies Neoproterozoic continental rifts, and records a complex basin infill history. In this study, we focus on the tectonostratigraphic environment and basin infill process, integrating multiple data sets, including boreholes, outcrops, well correlations, seismic data, isopach maps and the spatial distribution of sedimentary facies. The Ediacaran System includes the Doushantuo Formation and overlying Dengying Formation which can be subdivided into four lithostratigraphic members (D1–D4). The Doushantuo Formation and D3 Member consist of mixed clastic–carbonate sediments, while carbonates predominate in the D1, D2 and D4 members. Intracratonic depressions and continental margin rifts dominated the Upper Yangtze area during the Ediacaran. During deposition of the Doushantuo Formation, the Upper Yangtze area contained a variety of environments, including terrigenous shorefaces, mixed tidal flats, lagoons, shelves, slopes and bathyal seas. A rimmed carbonate platform developed during deposition of the D1 and D2 members. The Deyang–Anyue Trough, which is related to post-rift subsidence in the intracratonic basin, began to develop in this interval. A relatively intense extension during deposition of the D3 Member resulted in intensification of intracratonic and continental margin rifting, creating distinct tidal flat, deep-water shelf, slope and bathyal environments. With the expansion of the Deyang–Anyue Trough during deposition of the D4 Member, the rimmed carbonate platform was divided into two segments. We suggest that the Deyang–Anyue Trough was a structurally controlled intracratonic rift-sag and likely arose from multiple episodes of rifting in the cratonic basement, as well as differential uplifting and exposure caused by the ongoing Tongwan Movement. Our model highlights the role of basement heritage on the structure and evolution of intracratonic rift-sag.     

Historical demography of southern African patellid limpets: congruence of population expansions,but not phylogeography

Global climatic oscillations have shaped the contemporary genetic structure of marine taxa in different ways. Previous demographic studies have indicated that various intertidal marine species display genetic signatures of demographic expansion that either pre- or postdate the Last Glacial Maximum. Such expansions and the ability of species to colonise new habitats will influence their genetic structure, but the link between scales of larval dispersal and the strength of phylogeographic structure is not always clear. We analysed a fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene of 11 sympatric species of intertidal southern African patellid limpets to investigate how ancient oceanographic dynamics have shaped and maintained their contemporary spatial genetic variation. Our data show that the patellid limpets investigated display congruent evidence of spatial expansion during the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene, which corresponds with the establishment of the contemporary southern African shoreline. We argue that closely related and co-distributed southern African intertidal invertebrates responded to ancient climatic oscillations as a cohesive group. In contrast, contemporary oceanographic circulation has shaped the phylogeographic patterns of these limpets in different ways. We show close relationships between phylogeography and biogeography for some species, but not for others, despite the similarities in their life histories and exposure to the same climatic changes.     

Insights into the diet of a poorly known species: pygmy killer whale Feresa attenuata from Cape Verde,West Africa

Despite having a worldwide distribution in tropical waters, knowledge on pygmy killer whales Feresa attenuata, including diet, is poor, with only a few studies carried out to date. The presence of otoliths and beaks in stomachs that have been examined indicate that the diet of F. attenuata includes squid, octopus and fish. In this study, the stomach contents of two F. attenuata recently stranded in Cape Verde, West Africa, were examined. A variety of fish hard parts and otoliths were recovered, in addition to the upper beak from an unidentified cephalopod and the remains of some marine arthropods. Lanternfish (Myctophidae) and deepbody boarfish Antigonia capros were identified from otoliths and comprised 95.4% of prey items. Whereas the sizes of the myctophids in the two whale stomachs were similar, those of other prey items differed. The findings provide important information on the diet of F. attenuata in the Cape Verde region.