Begleitworte zur geologischen Karte des Gebirges zwischen Vals-Platz und Hinterrhein

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Kriegsjahrgänge ausländischer Zeitschriften

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Der Niagarafall

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Die Geologie auf der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition

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Zur Deutung der Hornsteinbrekzien des Sonnwendgebirges im Unterinntal

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A Truly Spatial Random Forests Algorithm for Geoscience Data Analysis and Modelling

Mathematical Geosciences - Spatial data mining helps to find hidden but potentially informative patterns from large and high-dimensional geoscience data. Non-spatial learners generally look at the...     

The Equatorial Ring Current as a Part of a Coupled System

The equatorial ring current is the symmetrical plasmaspheric drift current of energetic plasma trapped by the geomagnetic field. Assuming that, during a geomagnetic storm, the ring can exchange energy with other regions of the magnetosphere, a second-order differential equation must be considered as its dynamical expression, and contributions other than the solely solar-wind-induced electric field must express the forced input. The decay parameters of the recovery phase of the storm must be determined considering periods with Bz(IMF) Bz(IMF) 0.     

Trapped solar wind noble gases and exposure age of Luna 16 lunar fines

He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe concentrations and isotopic abundances were measured in three bulk grain size fractions prepared from sample L-16-19, No. 120 (C level, 20–22 cm depth) returned by the Luna 16 mission. The expected anticorrelation between the concentrations of trapped solar wind noble gases and grain size is observed. Elemental abundances of solar wind trapped noble gases are similar to those previously found in corresponding grain size fractions of the Apollo 11 and 12 fines. The trapped ratio ${}^4\text{He}{}^{20}\text{Ne}$ varies in the soils from different lunar maria due to diffusion losses. A rough correlation of ${}^4\text{He}{}^{20}\text{Ne}$ with the proportion of ilmenite in these samples is apparent. The elemental and isotopic ratios of the surface correlated noble gases in Luna 16 resemble those previously found in Apollo fines. Based on ²¹Ne, ⁷⁸Kr and ¹²⁶Xe a cosmic ray exposure age of 360 my was determined. This age is similar to those obtained for the soils from other lunar maria.     

Tektonische Triebkräfte der Lebensentwicklung?

Zusammenfassung Die gestellte Frage lautet, ob den großen Wendepunkten in der Geschichte des Lebens, der Entstehung neuer Organismengruppen, ihrem Aufblühen und Erlöschen tektonische Ursachen zugrunde liegen. Sie wird dahin beantwortet, daß gesetzmäßige Abhängigkeiten der Lebensgeschichte weder von orogenetischen Phasen noch von den großen Transgressionen oder Regressionen der Erdgeschichte zu erkennen sind, daß diese Faktoren daher als unmittelbare Triebkräfte der organischen Entwicklung ausscheiden. Auch das Auftreten monströser Nebenformen ist keineswegs an Regressions- und Emersionszeiten gebunden. Für eine Beschleunigung der Lebensentwicklung in Abhängigkeit von einer etwaigen Akzeleration der erdgeschichtlichen Zyklen ergeben sich ebenfalls keine Anhaltspunkte. Das tektonische Geschehen liefert lediglich die allgemeinen Voraussetzungen für eine Verwirklichung der Evolution, nicht aber die entscheidenden, auslösenden Ursachen für den spezifischen Ablauf der Lebensentfaltung.     

Fugacity control and dissociation constants of HBr and HI

Two new hydrothermal acid-base buffers have been developed and calibrated. The Ag+AgBr and the Ag+AgI buffers in conjunction with an external hydrogen buffer control the fugacities of HBr and HI respectively at the pressure and temperature of the experiment. Both buffers are much less acid than the Ag+AgCl buffer of Frantz and Eugster (1973). For corresponding conditions, the molalities of HBr and HI are one and three orders of magnitudes smaller respectively than the molality of HC1.Both buffers have been calibrated using quench bromide, iodide and pH measurements. At higher temperatures HBr and HI are apparently not dissociated and the measured molalities agree closely with those calculated from thermochemical data. At lower temperatures the degree of dissociation increases greatly, and dissociation constants for HBr and HI at P and T have been calculated from the data.The Ag+AgBr and Ag+AgI buffers have been tested by measuring constants for the quartz-talc reaction in H-O-Br and H-O-I solutions respectively. These constants in conjunction with available thermochemical data can be used to calculate the free energies of formation for MgBr₂ and MgI₂.The Ag+AgBr and Ag+AgI buffers extend the pH range towards neutral solutions over which acid-base reactions in supercritical fluids can now be measured. This allows the use of less concentrated solutions and of minerals which are not stable in acid solutions.