A local model for analysis of pump and treat systems with vertical barrier walls

We present a mathematical model of local, steady groundwater flow near a vertical barrier wall. Flow features represented in the model include an impermeable arc-shaped barrier wall and multiple wells; distant boundary conditions are not included explicitly, but their effects on the local flow field are modelled by specifying a uniform flow at infinity and a constant areal recharge within a local domain. We develop an explicit closed-form solution to the boundary-value problem using the analytic element method. The solution is an extension of a harmonic solution presented by Anderson and Mesa [Anderson EI, Mesa E. The effects of vertical barrier walls on the hydraulic control of contaminated groundwater. Adv Water Resourc 2006;29(1):89–98] which does not include the effects of recharge. We demonstrate that the general solution with recharge consists of the harmonic solution superposed on a special case of the harmonic solution along with two elementary one-dimensional flow solutions. The results are used to investigate the effects of areal recharge on the capture zone envelopes of the pumping wells and on the reduction in discharge that can be achieved by including a barrier wall in a pump and treat design. We find that the benefits of including an open barrier wall in a design, measured as a reduction in the pumping rate required to contain a plume, increase for higher recharge rates. Dimensionless plots of capture zone envelopes are presented for a practical well and barrier wall configuration.     

A Note on Reviving the Goddard Satellite-Based Surface Turbulent Fluxes （GSSTF） Dataset

Accurate sea surface flux measurements are crucial for understanding the global water and energy cycles. The oceanic evaporation, which is a major component of the global oceanic fresh water flux, is useful for predicting oceanic circulation and transport. The global Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes Version-2 (GSSTF2; July 1987--December 2000) dateset that was officially released in 2001 has been widely used by scientific community for global energy and water cycle research, and regional and short period data analyses. We have recently been funded by NASA to resume processing the GSSTF dataset with an objective of continually producing a uniform dataset of sea surface turbulent fluxes, derived from remote sensing data. The dataset is to be reprocessed and brought up-to-date (GSSTF2b) using improved input datasets such as a recently upgraded NCEP/DOE sea surface temperature reanalysis, and an upgraded surface wind and microwave brightness temperature V6 dataset (Version 6) from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) produced by Remote Sensing Systems (RSS). A second new product (GSSTF3) is further proposed with a finer temporal (12-h) and spatial (0.25^ox0.25^o) resolution. GSSTF2b (July 1987--December 2008) and GSSTF3 (July 1999--December 2009) will be released for the research community to use by late 2009 and early 2011, respectively.     

Stochastic variability in the atmospheric activity of Jupiter

The atmospheric activity of Jupiter exhibits quasi-periodic character attributed to the stochastic nature of the involved mechanisms. Periodicities between 4–33 years are obtained employing four spectrum analysis methods, (power spectrum employing the Blackman-Tukey window, maximum entropy, Fourier, autocorrelation), whilst, their significance and their stationarity has been established with the application of general statistical tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one sample and two sample test, randomness test, chi-square, various orders of autoregressive process, analysis of truncated records).Deceased.     

Present warming within the context of cooling–warming cycles observed since 1854 in the Bay of Biscay

The warming trend observed during the last decades in the Bay of Biscay is put within the context of sea surface temperature (SST) changes observed in the area since 1854. Macroscopically, two consecutive warming–cooling cycles were detected during this period of time: cooling from 1867 to 1910; warming from 1910 to 1945; cooling from 1945 to 1974; and warming from 1974 to nowadays. Warming rates of 0.17 and 0.22 °C per decade were measured during the warming sub-periods and cooling rates of ?0.14 and ?0.10 °C per decade were measured during the cooling sub-periods. The present warming period is on the same order of magnitude although slightly more intense than the one observed from 1910 to 1945, which is consistent with previous analysis carried for the North Atlantic. Finally, the thermal amplitude defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum annual values has increased since 1974 at a rate of 0.06 °C per decade due to the different increasing rates of the maximum (0.26 °C per decade) and minimum (0.20 °C per decade) SSTs.     

Large-scale activity in major solar eruptive events of November 2004 according to SOHO data

Data obtained with the EIT UV telescope and LASCO coronagraph of the SOHO satellite are used to analyze large-scale solar disturbances associated with a series of major flares and coronal mass ejections that occurred in the late decline phase of cycle 23, on November 3–10, 2004, and gave rise to strong geomagnetic storms. Derotated fixed-base difference heliograms taken in the 195 Å coronal channel at 12-min intervals and in the various-temperature 171, 195, 284, and 304 Å channels at 6-h intervals indicate that these disturbances were global and homologous; i.e., they had similar characteristics and affected the same structures. Almost all of the nine events of this series included two recurrent systems of large-scale dimmings (regions of reduced intensity with lifetimes of 10–15 h): (a) transequatorial dimmings connecting a northern near-equatorial eruption center with a southern active region and (b) northern dimmings covering a large sector between two coronal holes. In this northern sector, coronal waves (brightenings propagated from the eruption center at speeds of several hundred km/s) were observed ahead of the expanding dimmings. The brightest, central part of the halo-type coronal mass ejection in each event corresponded to the northern dimming system. The properties of the dimmings and coronal waves and the relationship between them are discussed on the basis of the results obtained. We find that the eruption of large coronal mass ejections involves structures of the global solar magnetosphere with spatial scales far exceeding the sizes of active regions and normal activity complexes.     

Solving the problem of shock wave attenuation in an obstacle during a contact explosion of a high-energy material charge

A problem of estimation of shock wave attenuation in an obstacle under an explosion of a high-energy material (explosive) charge on its surface is considered. An algorithm for its solution is proposed using the analytical and semiempirical dependences generally recognized in explosion physics.     

On thermal waves in stars,II

The regularities of strong thermal waves moving in non-uniform media are considered in some detail. The application of thermal wave theory to Nova outburst interpretation is discussed.     

Dependence of normal albedo of lunar regions on wavelength

Normal albedos of thirteen lunar regions are determined at five wavelengths between 4000 and 8000 Å. The deduced values agree with those of the previous investigators except those given by Gehrelset al. (1964) and Van Diggelen (1965). They increase monotonically with the wavelength. At the shortest wavelength, a slight enhancement is detected for most of the regions observed.     

Variations in climatic and hydrological parameters in the Selenga River basin in the Russian Federation

The variations in average annual surface air temperature, precipitation, and runoff in the Selenga River basin (within Russia) are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the considerable increase in average annual temperature of surface air layers occurred in the 1980s-1990s. The decrease in peak water discharge in the rivers and the increase in the frequency of low-water periods were revealed in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the Selenga River basin in 2001-2010. In the southwestern mountain regions (the Dzhida River basin) the river runoff increased during that period.