Trade measures and the combat of IUU fishing: Institutional interplay and effective governance in the Northeast Atlantic

The use of trade measures to combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing in the Northeast Atlantic has evolved from unilateral denial of the landing of fish taken outside international quota arrangements to a multilateral Scheme of Control and Enforcement under the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC). International trade rules have not constrained this development, mostly due to successful management of the interplay between international resource management and trade regimes. States protect resource management objectives from such constraint by inserting clauses that establish a normative hierarchy, or they employ various means for adapting IUU measures to the ‘environmental window’ of the global trade regime. The fact that regional states have introduced trade restrictions only when non-restrictive or less restrictive measures have failed enhances such compatibility, as do the gradual shift from unilateral to multilateral measures and the rise in transparency, openness and target-state involvement. None of those features reduces the effectiveness of regional trade measures; they minimize tension with trade commitments and largely strengthen their clout in the struggle to combat IUU fishing in the Northeast Atlantic.     

The influence of molecular blends and non-thermal line broadening on the profile of the Zeeman triplet λ5250.22 in sunspots

Calculations of the umbral profile of the Zeeman triplet 5250.22 are presented. We have taken into account the effect of a molecular blend from TiO at 5250.24 causing an apparent -component even for longitudinal magnetic fields. Also included is the depression of the spot continuum due to line wings and veiled weak lines in the umbra spectrum. The effect of different amounts of non-thermal broadening is investigated.The results point to the need of a better theoretical treatment of molecular and atomic blends and to the importance of more reliable values for the non-thermal broadening in sunspots. Furthermore, the importance of a proper stray light correction is noted, particularly including the stray light from the penumbra.     

Evaluation of the frequency of skipped spawning in Norwegian spring-spawning herring

Based upon an under-representation of second time spawners on the spawning grounds between 1935 and 1973, researchers have suggested that Norwegian spring-spawning (NSS) herring (Clupea harengus) frequently skip their second spawning event. In order to evaluate this claim with direct evidence, herring were collected over a period of three years from statutory surveys and commercial catches over a wide area covering the feeding, over-wintering and spawning grounds. The development stage of the ovaries was assessed and the intensity of atresia quantified. Only a negligible number of the analysed herring caught were considered likely to skip spawning, thus this phenomenon does not appear to be a common feature of the NSS herring stock at present. In addition, considering the reproductive strategy of herring, it seems doubtful that skipping the second spawning event has ever frequently occurred in this stock.     

Mineralogy and petrography of C asteroid regolith: The Sutter's Mill CM meteorite

Based upon our characterization of three separate stones by electron and X‐ray beam analyses, computed X‐ray microtomography, Raman microspectrometry, and visible‐IR spectrometry, Sutter's Mill is a unique regolith breccia consisting mainly of various CM lithologies. Most samples resemble existing available CM2 chondrites, consisting of chondrules and calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusion (CAI) set within phyllosilicate‐dominated matrix (mainly serpentine), pyrrhotite, pentlandite, tochilinite, and variable amounts of Ca‐Mg‐Fe carbonates. Some lithologies have witnessed sufficient thermal metamorphism to transform phyllosilicates into fine‐grained olivine, tochilinite into troilite, and destroy carbonates. One finely comminuted lithology contains xenolithic materials (enstatite, Fe‐Cr phosphides) suggesting impact of a reduced asteroid (E or M class) onto the main Sutter's Mill parent asteroid, which was probably a C class asteroid. One can use Sutter's Mill to help predict what will be found on the surfaces of C class asteroids such as Ceres and the target asteroids of the OSIRIS‐REx and Hayabusa 2 sample return missions (which will visit predominantly primitive asteroids). C class asteroid regolith may well contain a mixture of hydrated and thermally dehydrated indigenous materials as well as a significant admixture of exogenous material would be essential to the successful interpretation of mineralogical and bulk compositional data.     

Pupils' knowledge and awareness of geography when starting upper secondary school in Norway

The author, an upper secondary teacher in geography, has conducted various surveys and questionnaires among pupils every year, for 30 years. The article examines his pupils' knowledge of geography when they start upper secondary school. During their first lesson in geography they are presented with a questionnaire designed to test their knowledge of concepts, places, and causal relationships. In addition, they are asked about their perceptions of geography and expectations when they start to study a new subject. The author finds it valuable and important as a teacher to know what his pupils have learned during their lower secondary education because such information could be used to adapt upper secondary education in geography to the pupils' abilities. Further, it is important to motivate, create expectations, and develop awareness of geography. In addition to discussing pupils' knowledge of geography, the article shows briefly how school curricula and geography teaching have changed in Norwegian lower secondary schools since the early 1970s.     

The effects of exclosures in restoring degraded semi-arid vegetation in communal grazing lands in northern Ethiopia

Rangeland degradation is a widespread problem throughout sub Saharan Africa and its restoration is a challenge for the management of many semi-arid areas. This study assessed the effectiveness of exclosures that have been protected from livestock from 5 to 15 years in restoring vegetation in northern Ethiopia. The species composition and diversity of herbaceous and woody plants were higher in the exclosures than in the grazed areas. Species richness responded positively to an increase in herbaceous productivity. The mean aboveground biomass measured inside the exclosures was more than twice that of the adjacent grazed areas and more biomass was produced from the young than the old exclosures. Stem height, canopy height, canopy cover, and browsing capacity of woody species were higher in the exclosures than in the grazed areas. Our study shows that degraded semi-arid vegetation is able to recover in a relatively short time when protected. Extended protection, beyond 8–15 years, reduces herbaceous species diversity and in one of the sites also the herbaceous biomass. Therefore, we suggest a slight shift in management where exclosures protected for longer periods may be moderately used by livestock.     

Curation protocol of Phobos sample returned by Martian Moons eXploration

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission will launch a spacecraft in 2024 to return samples from Phobos in 2029. Curatorial work for the returned Phobos samples is critical for the sample allocation without degrading the sample integrity and subsequent sample analysis that will provide new constraints on the origin of Phobos and the evolution of the circum-Mars environment. The Sample Analysis Working Team of the MMX is designing the sample curation protocol. The curation protocol consists of three phases: (1) quick analysis (extraction and mass spectrometry for gases), (2) pre-basic characterization (bulk-scale observation), and (3) basic characterization (grain-by-grain observation and allocation of the sample aliquots). Nondestructive analyses within the clean chamber (e.g., visible and near-infrared spectral imaging) and outside the chamber (e.g., gas mass spectrometry) are incorporated into the curation flow in coordination with the MMX mission instrument teams for ground-truthing the remote-sensing data sets. The MMX curation/sample analysis flow enables the seamless integration between the sample and remote-sensing data sets to maximize the scientific value of the collected Phobos samples.     

A flow-foliated ignimbrite related to the Åland rapakivi granite in SW Finland

A flow-foliated felsic ignimbrite constitutes the uppermost lithological unit of the 1.58 Gyr anorogenic magmatic rocks in SW Finland. The ignimbrite is derived from an explosive eruption of hot (≅ 950 °C) phenocryst-bearing A-type (rapakivi-type granite magma.
The ignimbrite is close in composition to subvolcanic rapakivi granites that occur in the margins of the kand rapakivi batholith. The subvolcanic granites crystallized under a pressure of ≅ 1 kbar and at temperatures of about 650–700 °C. However, both major and rare earth elements show that the ignimbrite- forming magma was more fractionated than the magma forming the subvolcanic varieties.
Supported by evidence of mafic-felsic magma mingling, it is suggested that injection of hot mafic magma into a shallow magma chamber produced the high temperature of the ignimbrite-forming magma. This injection increased the magmatic and the volatile pressure that caused the eruption of the dry felsic magma.     

An explication of the radiometric method for size and albedo determination

A new radiometric model for disk-integrated photometry of asteroids is presented. With empirical support from photometry of Mercury and the Moon, the model assumes that observed sunward beaming of the infrared emission is due to craters. In contrast to earlier theoretical studies of the lunar emission, the observable flux ratio between a cratered sphere and a smooth sphere is calculated for large ranges in wavelength, temperature, and phase angle. Revised diameters and albedos based on the crater model are given for 84 asteroids. The revised values are in good agreement with Morrison's (1977) radiometric results. It is shown that the systematic discrepancy between radiometric and polarimetric albedos (Zellner and Gradie, 1976) is probably a double-valued function of albedo. Some typical geometric albedos from this paper, Morrison (1977), and Zellner and Gradie (1976), respectively, are: Ceres (0.050 ± 0.005, 0.053 ± 0.004, 0.068), Vesta (0.235 ± 0.032, 0235 ± 0.11, 0.271), mean C type (0.031 ± 0.009, 0.035 ± 0.009, 0.061 ± 0.005), mean S type (0.117 ± 0.030, 0.136 ± 0.032, 0.181 ± 0.23), and mean M type (0.105 ± 0.037, 0.115 ± 0.033, 0.157 ± 0.079). Areas of disagreement between radiometry and polarimetry are underscored, and research to resolve them is suggested.