岩浆铜镍矿与钒钛磁铁矿的过渡类型--新疆哈密香山西矿床

铜镍硫化物矿床与钒钛磁铁矿矿床虽然同属与镁铁-超镁铁质岩有关的岩浆型矿床范畴,但在一般情况下,二者是不共生的.新疆东天山地区的香山西矿床则是一个铜镍矿与钛铁矿共生的实例.香山地区为一复式含矿杂岩体,最早期形成辉长岩(如角闪辉长岩、灰白色细粒辉长岩等)为主体的侵入;第二期侵入的是以辉橄岩、单辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩等为主的超镁铁质岩,含铜镍硫化物矿化;第三期则为岩浆期后残余岩浆形成的含钛铁矿化的辉长岩(脉).香山西铜镍-钛铁矿床含矿岩石的碱度、镁铁指数、岩浆酸度、钙碱富集指数等地球化学参数,氧逸度和硫逸度等物理化学参数均介于独立的典型铜镍硫化物和典型钒钛磁铁矿矿床之间.矿床中磁铁矿较其他钒钛磁铁矿矿床(尾亚)具较高的V和Ti含量,同时黄铁矿和黄铜矿具较高的Co、Ni和Cu含量,反映出成矿过程中,Cu-Ni-Co系列与V-Ti-Fe系列的分离不够彻底.形成本区CuNi-VTi复合型矿床的原因,可能在于矿床所处独特的构造环境--产于造山带,而不是克拉通(边缘).     

Volatiles,vesicles, and vugs: Unraveling the magmatic and eruptive histories of Steno crater basalts

In 1972, Apollo 17 astronauts returned 170.4 kg of lunar material. Within 1 month of their return, a subset of those samples was specially curated with the forethought that future analytical techniques would offer new insight into the formation and evolution of the Moon. Of interest in this work is sample 71036, a basalt collected from the rim of Steno crater in the Taurus–Littrow Valley, which was stored frozen and was processed and released for study 50 years later. We report, for the first time, the detailed mineralogy and petrology of 71036 and its companion samples 71035, 71037, and 71055 using a novel combination of 2-D and 3-D methods. We investigate lunar volatiles through in situ measurements of apatite and 3-D measurements of vesicles to understand the degassing histories of the Steno crater basalts. Our coupled 2-D petrography and 3-D tomography data sets support a model of the Steno crater basalts crystallizing in the upper crust of a mare lava flow. Apatite F and OH chemistry and the late-stage deformation of voids and formation of smaller vesicles provide evidence supporting coeval degassing of volatiles and crystallization of mesostasis apatite in Apollo 17 basalts. This work helps to close knowledge gaps surrounding the origin, magmatic evolution, emplacement, and crystallization history of high-titanium basalts.     

Glacial oscillations during the Bølling–Allerød Interstadial–Younger Dryas transition in the Ruda Valley,Central Pyrenees

The Upper Garonne Basin included the largest glacial system in the Pyrenees during the last glacial cycle. Within the long-term glacial retreat during Termination-1 (T-1), glacier fluctuations left geomorphic evidence in the area. However, the chronology of T-1 glacial oscillations on the northern slopes of the Central Pyrenees is still poorly constrained. Here, we introduce new geomorphological observations and a 12-sample dataset of ¹⁰Be cosmic-ray exposure ages from the Ruda Valley. This U-shaped valley, surrounded by peaks exceeding 2800 m a.s.l., includes a sequence of moraines and polished surfaces that enabled a reconstruction of the chronology of the last deglaciation. Following the maximum ice extent, warmer conditions prevailing at ~15–14 ka, during the Bølling–Allerød (B–A) Interstadial, favoured glacial retreat in the Ruda Valley. Within the B–A, glaciers experienced two phases of advance/stillstand with moraine formation at 13.5 and 13.0 ka. During the early Younger Dryas (YD), glacial retreat exposed the highest surfaces of the Saboredo Cirque (~2300–2350 m) at 12.7 ka. Small glaciers persisted only inside the highest cirques (~2470 m), such as in Sendrosa Cirque, with moraines stabilising at 12.6 ka. The results of this work present the most complete chronology for Pyrenean glacial oscillations from the B–A to the YD.