Role of finite ion temperature in the generation of field swelling instability

Field swelling instability is one of the most important instabilities in plasmas in which electrons are hotter than ions. In contrast to diamagnetic (mirror) instability belonging to the branch of slow magnetosonic waves, field swelling instability corresponds to the branch of fast magnetosonic waves. The theory of this instability was developed by (Basu and Coppi, 1982, 1984) in the early 1980s in the idealized zero ion temperature limit in the context of the magnetohydrodynamic model. To make the model more realistic, it is necessary to complete it with finite ion temperature effects. In addition, we consider the field swelling theory in the context of a more instructive quasihydrodynamic approach which showed a good performance on examination of the mirror instability. Here, it appears to be necessary to use only the transverse plasma pressure balance condition and Liouville theorem for calculating the transverse pressure variation. This consideration is simpler and clearer and makes it possible to understand in more detail the physical nature of the instability and to prepare the necessary basis for interpreting observational data.     

Mineral Phases of the Pd–Bi–Se System in the Ores at the Chudnoe Au–Pd Deposit (Subpolar Urals,Russia)

Doklady Earth Sciences - In the Pd–Bi–Se system, the only known mineral containing all three elements is padmaite PdBiSe. Three compounds with different element ratios have been found...