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911.
912.
An input–output model was applied to analyze the used freshwater and total used water in Russian economy sectors over 2005–2010. In addition, the sectors that are the main sources of wastewater discharge are identified and the volumes of water sent abroad with exported products are calculated based on data on 2011. The compiled scheme of intersectoral flows and water use in the country can be used as a base for water resources management. 相似文献
913.
S. Thomas Crough W. Jason Morgan Robert B. Hargraves 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1980,50(1):260-274
Available age data support the hypothesis that kimberlite intrusions are formed by mantle hotspots. The hypothesis has been tested by inverting the volcanic traces formed by three hotspots to determine the post-Triassic motions of Africa, South America, and North America relative to these hotspots. Then, using these motions, the kimberlites intruded on these continents within the last 150 m.y. are relocated to their place of origin in the present hotspot reference frame. The result indicates that a majority of the kimberlites formed within 5° of a mantle hotspot. Statistical analysis shows that this kimberlite/hotspot correlation is significant at above the 90% level. 相似文献
914.
M. N. Berdichevsky N. S. Golubtsova Iv. M. Varentsov P. Yu. Pushkarev A. K. Rybin E. Yu. Sokolova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(8):698-706
The paper presents the results of 2D inversion of deep magnetotelluric (MT) and magnetovariational (MV) soundings along the
Naryn Line. The method of partial (sequential) inversions is used. According to this method, at the first stage, magnetovariation
responses are used for the localization of deep anomalies of electrical conductivity, and then the magnetotelluric sounding
data are invoked to refine the structure of the host medium and the structural details in the upper part of the section. It
is shown that this approach enables one to estimate the informativeness of separate components of the electromagnetic field,
to reduce the distorting influence of the near-surface geoelectric inhomogeneities, and to increase the stability of the final
solution of the inverse problem. 相似文献
915.
Darrell S. Kaufman Yarrow Axford R. Scott Anderson Scott F. Lamoureux Daniel E. Schindler Ian R. Walker Al Werner 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,48(1):9-26
Sediment cores from Lone Spruce Pond (60.007°N, 159.143°W), southwestern Alaska, record paleoenvironmental changes during the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and during the last 14,500 calendar years BP (14.5?cal?ka). We analyzed the abundance of organic matter, biogenic silica, carbon, and nitrogen, and the isotope ratios of C and N, magnetic susceptibility, and grain-size distribution of bulk sediment, abundance of alder shrub (Alnus) pollen, and midge (Chironomidae and Chaoboridae) assemblages in a 4.7-m-long sediment sequence from the depocenter at 22?m water depth. The basal unit contains macrofossils dating to 25?C21?cal?ka (the global LGM), and is interpreted as glacial-lacustrine sediment. The open water requires that the outlet of the Ahklun Mountain ice cap had retreated to within 6?km of the range crest. In addition to cladocerans and diatoms, the glacial-lacustrine mud contains chironomids consistent with deep, oligotrophic conditions; several taxa associated with relatively warm conditions are present, suggestive of relative warmth during the global LGM. The glacial-lacustrine unit is separated from the overlying non-glacial lake sediment by a possible disconformity, which might record a readvance of glacier ice. Non-glacial sediment began accumulating around 14.5?cal?ka, with high flux of mineral matter and fluctuating physical and biological properties through the global deglacial period, including a reversal in biogenic-silica (BSi) content during the Younger Dryas (YD). During the global deglacial interval, the ??13C values of lake sediment were higher relative to other periods, consistent with low C:N ratios (8), and suggesting a dominant atmospheric CO2 source of C for phytoplankton. Concentrations of aquatic faunal remains (chironomids and Cladocera) were low throughout the deglacial interval, diversity was low and warm-indicator taxa were absent. Higher production and air temperatures are inferred following the YD, when bulk organic-matter (OM) content (LOI 550?°C) increased substantially and permanently, from 10 to 30?%, a trend paralleled by an increase in C and N abundance, an increase in C:N ratio (to about 12), and a decrease in ??13C of sediment. Post-YD warming is marked by a rapid shift in the midge assemblage. Between 8.9 and 8.5?cal?ka, Alnus pollen tripled (25?C75?%), followed by the near-tripling of BSi (7?C19?%) by 8.2?cal?ka, and ??15N began a steady rise, reflecting the buildup of N and an increase in denitrification in soils. Several chironomid taxa indicative of relatively warm conditions were present throughout the Holocene. Quantitative chironomid-based temperature inferences are complicated by the expansion of Alnus and resulting changes in lake nutrient status and production; these changes were associated with an abrupt increase in cladoceran abundance and persistent shift in the chironomid assemblage. During the last 2,000?years, chironomid-assemblage changes suggest cooler temperatures, and BSi and OM values were generally lower than their maximum Holocene values, with minima during the seventh and eighth centuries, and again during the eighteenth century. 相似文献
916.
917.
R. P. Malik A. V. Shanwal H. S. Iyer 《Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing》1984,12(2):59-64
Salinity is creating great problems in the Yamuna Alluvial Plain. State Government is taking steps for reclaiming these lands to increase agricultural production. Impeded drainage, excess canal irrigation, topography parent material, shallow depth and bad quality of ground water are the main factors which are responsible for the genesis of saline soils in the alluvial plains of Haryana. On the arial photographs tonal differences on account of salt concentration in the soil are clearly seen. These differences are aslo associated with physiography and soil conditions which can be easily delineated. The information thus; collected can be used for reclamation of saline soils. 相似文献
918.
Marleen Coetsiers Petra Blaser Kristine Martens Kristine Walraevens 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(5):1155-1168
Aquifers from the same typology can have strongly different groundwater chemistry. Deducing the groundwater quality of less
well-characterized aquifers from well-documented aquifers belonging to the same typology should be done with great reserve,
and can only be considered as a preliminary approach. In the EU’s 6th FP BRIDGE project “Background cRiteria for the IDentification
of Groundwater thrEsholds”, a methodology for the derivation of threshold values (TV) for groundwater bodies is proposed.
This methodology is tested on four aquifers in Flanders of the sand and gravel typology. The methodology works well for all
but the Ledo-Paniselian aquifer, where the subdivision into a fresh and saline part is disproved, as a gradual natural transition
from fresh to saline conditions in the aquifer is observed. The 90 percentile is proposed as natural background level (NBL)
for the unconfined Pleistocene deposits, ascribing the outliers to possible influence of pollution. For the Tertiary aquifers,
high values for different parameters have a natural origin and the 97.7 percentile is preferred as NBL. The methodology leads
to high TVs for parameters presenting low NBL, when compared to the standard used as a reference. This would allow for substantial
anthropogenic inputs of these parameters. 相似文献
919.
S.?PetitEmail author A.?Decarreau F.?Martin R.?Buchet 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2004,31(9):585-592
The aim of this paper is to determine a relationship between the wavenumbers of the first OH-stretching overtones (W2OH) and the wavenumbers of the OH-stretching fundamentals (WOH) to help to interpret the near-infrared (NIR) spectra. The first overtone (2OH) bands appear at wavenumbers less than twice those of the fundamental bands (OH), due to the anharmonic character of vibrations, X = W2OH/2 - WOH, with X being the anharmonicity constant. Talc samples with various crystal chemistries are used to solve the equation and the experimental data are well fitted with X = –85.6 cm–1. As far as the authors are aware, it is the first time that the anharmonicity constant for the OH-stretching vibrations is determined for phyllosilicates. The anharmonicity constant remains almost unchanged for several types of clay samples. Therefore the relation, established from talc samples because their absorption bands are narrow and their wavenumber range of OH vibrations is wide, can be used for any other clay minerals. 相似文献
920.