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51.
We present results and analysis of imaging polarimetric observations of Comet 2P/Encke. The observations were carried out at the 2-m RCC telescope of the Bulgarian National Astronomical Observatory on December 13, 1993 and on January 14, 1994, at phase angles 51.1° and 80.5°, respectively. A wide-band red filter 6940/790 Å was used. This filter is transparent for the continuum and the weak emission bands of NH2 and H2O+. There is a sunward dust fan with well-defined polarization, which peaks at≈13% in the image obtained on January 14, 1994. Along the sunward fan the degree of polarization decreases progressively. Outside of the fan the coma displays a low polarization of ≈3%. We suggest that this low polarization is caused by the NH2 emission in the pass-band of the red wide-band filter. Assuming a spherically symmetric NH2 coma we are able to correct the observed polarization for this effect. The correction leads to an increase of the observed polarization by 1 to 4% at distances 10,000 and 1500 km from the nucleus. A rough estimate shows that the polarization in the near nucleus region of Comet Encke is similar to that for the dusty comets. Even after correction the polarization of Comet Encke's dust fan is significantly less that the polarization observed in dusty comets. The reasons influencing the distribution of dust polarization in the coma are discussed. More polarimetric and colorimetric observations of the dust in Comet Encke on its return in 2003 are needed. 相似文献
52.
Alan J. Hewitt Natasha Doss Nikolai F. Zobov Oleg L. Polyansky Jonathan Tennyson † 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,356(3):1123-1126
HDO and D2 O are thought to be present in significant quantities in the coldest regions of the Universe. Partition functions are calculated for these species and used to calculate temperature dependent equilibrium constants for the most important fractionation reactions involving water. HDO may also be a key indicator of the absence of deuterium burning in very low mass stars. The HDO partition function calculation is extended to high ( T ≤ 6000 K) temperatures for this purpose. 相似文献
53.
We present the results of polarimetric and photometricobservations of split Comet C/2001 A2 (LINEAR), which wereobtained at
the 70-cm telescope of the Astronomical Observatoryof Kharkiv National University between 30 June and 31 July 2001.The brightest
fragment of the comet, nucleus B, was observed.Eight narrowband cometary filters in the continuum and in emissionbands and
a wideband red filter have been used. The comet wasobserved through apertures of 88, 33, and 19 arcsec. Polarizationphase
curves were obtained for the continuum and for the firsttime, for NH2(0, 7, 0) emission. The degree of polarization ofthe light scattered by the dust decreases with the increase ofaperture size.
An important temporal variation of the polarizationwith a rotation of the polarization plane was observed at twophase angles
(26.5° and 36.2°). Molecular column densities and production rates of CN, C2,C3, and NH2 species are calculated in the framework of theHaser model. A comparative analysis of the temporal variations ofthe visual
magnitudes, gas and dust production rates, dust colorand polarization are presented. 相似文献
54.
Widespread use of social media during crises has become commonplace, as shown by the volume of messages during the Haiti earthquake of 2010 and Japan tsunami of 2011. Location mentions are particularly important in disaster messages as they can show emergency responders where problems have occurred. This article explores the sorts of locations that occur in disaster‐related social messages, how well off‐the‐shelf software identifies those locations, and what is needed to improve automated location identification, called geo‐parsing. To do this, we have sampled Twitter messages from the February 2011 earthquake in Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand. We annotated locations in messages manually to make a gold standard by which to measure locations identified by a Named Entity Recognition software. The Stanford NER software found some locations that were proper nouns, but did not identify locations that were not capitalized, local streets and buildings, or non‐standard place abbreviations and mis‐spellings that are plentiful in microtext. We review how these problems might be solved in software research, and model a readable crisis map that shows crisis location clusters via enlarged place labels. 相似文献
55.
Physics of seasonally ice-covered lakes: a review 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
56.
The aurora and other phenomena in near Earth space are becoming a considerable part of the science curriculum in upper secondary school (high school) in Norway. Introducing scientific methods to the young students is an important objective of the education, but experimental experience is mainly restricted to simple laboratory exercises under controlled conditions; observations of uncontrollable natural phenomena are generally left to academic scientists and researchers. The Space Physics Group and The Science Education and Outreach Group at The Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, are constructing a Space Science Suitcase with a set of simple versions of instruments for monitoring solar and geophysical activity in near Earth space. The instruments will be lent to physics classes in upper secondary schools. 相似文献
57.
It is expected that a warmer climate would be beneficial for agriculture in high latitudes. However, this general tendency
is not necessarily true for all northern countries, as a short growing period is not the only factor limiting agriculture.
For Russia, our model shows that the remarkable increase in potential yield in central and northern-forested regions would
not compensate for a sharp drop in yields due to increasing frequency of droughts in the currently most productive southern
European regions. If this scenario is indeed realized, the majority of Russian regions will continue to rely on import of
agricultural products from a few regions with the best soils, and a system of interregional grain trade will remain critical
for food security. However, the basic rules of interregional food market have varied widely over the past century. We have
attempted an analysis of the potential impact of these basic rules on regional food security by describing four basic historical
market scenarios and applying these scenarios to our results for climate change impact on agriculture in the 2020s and 2070s.
We show that the current system, if it continues, would bring the worst results. We also show that the traditionally effective
planned adaptation measures would help little in future climate conditions if the current market system were still in place. 相似文献
58.
59.
Petrogenesis of group A eclogites and websterites: evidence from the Obnazhennaya kimberlite,Yakutia
Lawrence?A.?TaylorEmail author Gregory?A.?Snyder Randall?Keller David?A.?Remley Mahesh?Anand Rene?Wiesli John?Valley Nikolai?V.?Sobolev 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2003,145(4):424-443
Mantle xenoliths from the Obnazhennaya kimberlite pipe, Yakutia, possess a large range of mineralogical and chemical compositions, from both group A and B eclogites. Major-element contents of the group A eclogites exhibit transitional features between the group B eclogites and peridotite. The Mg# of clinopyroxenes is 0.86–0.94, with 0.60–0.84 for garnets. Differences in concentration of LREEs exist between the Obnazhennaya group A and the well-studied group B eclogites from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe. In general, garnets in the group A eclogites contain lower LREEs than those from the group B eclogites; however, the trend for clinopyroxene is reversed. High d 18O (5.46–7.81) values, and the positive Eu anomalies in the garnets and clinopyroxenes (Eu/Eu* 1.2–1.4) demonstrate the involvement of an oceanic crustal component in the formation of the group A eclogites. The group A eclogites formed between 21.0 and 37.6 kbar, and 711 and 923 °C, in a time interval of 1,071–1,237 Ma. An innovative model is proposed to explain the formation of the group A eclogites and websterites. It involves the reaction of a depleted mantle peridotite with TTG and carbonatite melts closely related to the subduction of oceanic crust. 相似文献
60.
Results of a combined analysis of data from a C-band polarimetric Doppler radar and a 3D VHF interferometric lightning mapping system, as obtained during the European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides project (EULINOX) field campaign, are presented. For 21 July 1998, the lightning data from a supercell thunderstorm weakly indicate a tendency for a bi-level vertical distribution of lightning VHF emissions around the −15°C and −30°C temperature levels. Also, in some parts of the clouds, evidence is found for the presence of a lower positive charge center near the freezing level. However, where strong vertical motions prevail, VHF emissions are not organized in horizontal layers but in oblique or vertical regions. Correlation of VHF signals with radar quantities shows that in the growing storm, peak VHF activity is low and related to reflectivity factors around 30 dBZ, while after the mature stage, the peak VHF activity is about three times larger. The highest density of VHF signals is now found near reflectivity factors of 45 dBZ. A polarimetric hydrometeor classification indicates that during storm development, most lightning activity occurs where graupel and, secondarily, snow and small dry hail are present. In the decaying phase of the supercell hailstorm, however, most lightning VHF emissions stem from the region with hail and heavy rain. Furthermore, while the VHF signal frequency per cubic kilometer in the graupel and rain regions remains nearly constant throughout the supercell life cycle, the signal frequency in the hail region rises during storm decay. 相似文献