Scenario Forecasting of Changes in Water Balance Components in the Ob–Irtysh Basin in the Context of Possible Climate Change

Water Resources - Four global climate scenarios of the family “Special Report on Emissions Scenarios” of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which correspond to the specified...     

Projecting Changes in Russian Northern River Runoff due to Possible Climate Change during the 21st Century: A Case Study of the Northern Dvina,Taz and Indigirka Rivers

Water Resources - Projected changes in river runoff due to possible climate change during the 21st century were simulated with making use of a physically-based land surface model SWAP and...     

Impact of Possible Climate Change on Extreme Annual Runoff from River Basins Located in Different Regions of the Globe

Water Resources - For 11 large river basins (the Rhine, Tagus, Ganges, Lena, Upper Yellow, Upper Yangtze, Niger, Mackenzie, Upper Mississippi, Upper Amazon and Darling) located on different...     

Application of the Land Surface Model SWAP and Global Climate Model INMCM4.0 for Projecting Runoff of Northern Russian Rivers. 2. Projections and Their Uncertainties

Water Resources - The aim of this study was investigating the ability of the AOGCM INMCM4.0 and LSM SWAP to reproduce streamflow of nine northern Russian rivers located in the European Russia and...     

Runoff of Russian Rivers under Current and Projected Climate Change: a Review 2. Climate Change Impact on the Water Regime of Russian Rivers in the XXI Century

Water Resources - The present overview is the second part of the article “Runoff of Russian Rivers Under Current and Projected Climate Change: A Review,” which focuses on modern...     

Global Estimates of Changes in the Terrestrial Water Balance Components in the Context of Possible Climate Changes

Water Resources - Materials of ISI-MIP International Project were used for global simulations of water balance components for the entire Earth surface (except for Antarctica) with a spatial...     

Projected Changes in Water Balance Components of 11 Large River Basins during the 21st Century and Their Uncertainties

Water Resources - Changes in the water balance components of 11 large-scale river basins due to possible climate change during the 21st century were simulated with the land surface model SWAP and...     

Modeling the components of heat and water balance for the land surface of the globe

Physically-based model SWAP, developed by the authors earlier and describing the processes of heat and water exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere was adapted for calculating the components of heat and water balance for the entire land surface of the globe. An information base for the model was prepared as a version of global dataset with one-degree spatial resolution for three-hour hydrometeorological data and land surface parameters. The dynamics of various parameters of heat and water regimes of the soil-vegetation (snow) cover-atmosphere system was calculated by using a new version of the land surface model SWAP with a three-hour time step from July 1, 1982, to December 31, 1995. Calculation results were compared with estimates available from the literature.     

The simulation of heat and water exchange in the boreal spruce forest by the land-surface model SWAP

All previous versions of a physically based land-surface model SWAP have assumed for simplicity that vegetation is fully covered by snow during the cold season. Such assumption is reasonable only for the regions dominated by short vegetation or for warm climates where snow processes are absent. The major goals of this paper are (i) modification of the latest version of SWAP by incorporation of tall vegetation into the cold-season parameterizations to make the model applicable for simulating heat and water transfer within a boreal forest biome and (ii) validation of the modified version using the data from a forested catchment located in the boreal zone. Modification of SWAP required to parameterize radiative and turbulent exchange between the forest crown and forest floor, partitioning snowfall between interception by the canopy (in doing so, snow interception differs from rain interception) and falling to the ground, formation of snow cover on the forest crown and forest floor including snow accumulation (both in solid and liquid fractions), snow evaporation, and snowmelt. The advanced model was validated using a set of hydrometeorological data measured during 18 years (1966–1983) at the Tayozhniy catchment (covered by boreal spruce forest), Valdai, Russia. Simulations of annual and monthly snow/rain interception, daily runoff at the catchment outlet, snow density, snow depth, snow water equivalent, soil water storage in three layers (0–20, 0–50 and 0–100 cm), and monthly evapotranspiration from the catchment were compared with observations. Analysis of the results of validation shows that the new version of the model SWAP reproduces the heat and water exchange processes occurring in mid-latitude boreal forest quite reasonable.     

The application of the land surface model for calculating river runoff in high latitudes

The potentialities of the land surface model as applied to the calculation of river runoff in high latitudes were examined. Three approaches were used to specify input data based on meteorological data and land surface parameters. A method was developed for automated optimization of some model parameters by using direct search of minimum of root-mean-square deviation between the calculated and measured streamflow values. The global data sets are shown to be applicable in principle for hydrological calculations.