Proton collisions in cosmic ray sources

In this paper we have studied the possible proton collisions in cosmic ray sources. On the basis of our calculations of background temperature, the operational domains of various proton collisions are suggested. The energy rate loss through the photo-neutrino processes on protons is computed and we have discussed the energy distribution of the secondary particles in various collisions.     

Gravity and magnetic expression of the concealed basic and ultrabasic bodies in Chalkidhiki,Northern Greece

The anomalies which are shown on the gravity and aeromagnetic data of the Chalkidhiki peninsula of Northern Greece reveal the presence of three concealed dense and magnetized bodies. The ophiolitic belt which continues northwards of the geophysical anomalies suggests that they are caused by structures which belong to it. Multiple source Werner deconvolution shows that the lower surfaces of buried bodies in Toroneos Gulf and the one onshore are concave upwards. The northern concealed body has a width of 16 kilometers, while the southern one is 8 kilometres in width. A three-dimensional model, well constrained, gives an estimate of the dimensions of the onshore feature. The edges of the bodies, delineated by the terracing method, are formed by faults along the trend of the Hellenides orogenic belt. The edges of the body in the outer part of Toroneos Gulf may be associated with seismic swarms that occurred in the 1980s.     

Addressing Hurricane Intensity through Angular Momentum and Scale Energetics Approaches

This paper addresses two avenues for gaining insight into the hurricane intensity issue—the angular momentum approach and the scale interaction approach. In the angular momentum framework, the torques acting on a parcel's angular momentum are considered along an inflowing trajectory in order to construct the angular momentum budget. These torques are separable into three components: The pressure torque, the surface friction torque, and the cloud torque. All torques are found to diminish the angular momentum of an inflowing parcel, with the cloud torques having the most important role. In the scale interaction approach, energy exchanges among different scales within a hurricane are considered as a means of understanding hurricane intensity. It is found that the majority of kinetic energy contribution to the hurricane scales originates from potential-to-kinetic in-scale energy conversions. The contribution of mean-wave interactions in the kinetic energy varies with distance from the center and with the life stage of a storm. In the early stages, as the disorganized convection becomes organized on the hurricane scales, upscale energy transfers (i.e., from small to large scale) are found to take place in the outer radii of the storm. In a mature storm, the kinetic energy transfers are downscale, except for the inner radii.     

A study of tropospheric wave disturbances over India in winter

The wave disturbances in the troposphere over north and central India during winter when the subtropical westerlies prevail in the upper air over the area have been investigated by power-and cross-spectrum analysis. The power-spectrum study revealed the existence of basically two systems of periods 10.0–12.5 days and 4.5–5.5 days in the middle and upper troposphere. Both the long-and short-period systems have been found to be propagating eastwards at rates 5° and 10° long./day respectively. In both the cases lower temperatures are found to the east of the troughs. It is also noted that these systems build up the meridional temperature gradient and hence strengthen the upper tropospheric westerlies. Synoptic study of the transient systems is presented.     

Composition,Structure, and Conditions of Formation of Fluorine-Bearing Sodalite: Experimental Evidence

Fluoro-sodalite was synthesized for the first time at temperatures of 400–800°C and H₂O pressures of 1–2 kbar in the Si–Al–Na–H–O–F system. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic investigations showed that fluorine is incorporated in the sodalite structure as anionic octahedral groups, [AlF₆]^3–, the number of which can vary from 0 to 1. Correspondingly, the end-members of the F-sodalite series are Na₇(H₂O)₈[Si₅Al₇O₂₄] and Na₈(AlF₆)(H₂O)₄[Si₇Al₅O₂₄]. Depending on the composition of the system, F-sodalite associates at 500–650°C with nepheline, albite, cryolite, and villiaumite, which are joined by analcime below 500°C and aluminosilicate melt above 650°C. Fluorine-bearing sulfate–chlorine-sodalite was found for the first time in a pegmatite sample from the Lovozero massif. The highest fraction of the fluorine end-member in natural sodalite is 0.2. The incorporation of F into the sodalite structure requires much more energy compared with Cl^– and SO ₄ ^2- , because it is accompanied by a structural rearrangement and a transition from tetrahedral Al to octahedral Al.     

Tectonic zoning of Wrangel Island,Arctic region

The Northern, Central, and Southern zones are distinguished by stratigraphic, lithologic, and structural features. The Northern Zone is characterized by Upper Silurian–Lower Devonian sedimentary rocks, which are not known in other zones. They have been deformed into near-meridional folds, which formed under settings of near-latitudinal shortening during the Ellesmere phase of deformation. In the Central Zone, mafic and felsic volcanic rocks that had been earlier referred to Carboniferous are actually Neoproterozoic and probably Early Cambrian in age. Together with folded Devonian–Lower Carboniferous rocks, they make up basement of the Central Zone, which is overlain with a angular unconformity by slightly deformed Lower (?) and Middle Carboniferous–Permian rocks. The Southern Zone comprises the Neoproterozoic metamorphic basement and the Devonian–Triassic sedimentary cover. North-vergent fold–thrust structures were formed at the end of the Early Cretaceous during the Chukchi (Late Kimmerian) deformation phase.     

Variations in the elemental composition of ferromanganese structures from Lake Baikal

The elemental composition of ferromanganese sedimentary structures from the bottom of Lake Baikal represented by nodules and crusts, as well as the enclosing sediments, have been studied by the atomic absorption, chemical, and ICP-MS methods. It is established that the contents of the rock-forming and accompanying elements in them are highly variable. In this connection, the examined samples are divided in two groups differing by their Mn/Fe values. In most of the samples, they range from 0.01 to 0.1, although some of the ferromanganese structures or their parts are substantially enriched in manganese. The contents of most of the rare and dispersed elements in the ferromanganese structures are usually at the background level, although the samples maximally enriched in iron or manganese are characterized by relatively high copper, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, zinc, and molybdenum concentrations.     

Ice margin influence on glaciomarine sedimentation in the Permo—Carboniferous Dwyka Formation from the southwestern Karoo, South Africa

A persistent sedimentary unit, interbedded in massive diamictite over a distance of almost 400 km near the top of the Permo-Carboniferous Dwyka Formation in the southwestern Karoo, consists of stratified diamictite, rhythmite, lonestone argillite and black shale. The stratified diamictite facies association is interpreted as ice-marginal debris-flow, the diamictite-lonestone argillite facies association as proximal to intermediate debris-flow, debris rain and suspension settling, and the shale-diamictite facies association as distal debris-flow and suspension settling deposits. An analysis of the mudrock and diamictite facies relationships suggests deposition from a rapidly calving oscillating ice margin in the east and at a consistently retreating grounded ice margin with few icebergs in the west. Sediment sources, volume of ice rafting, resedimentation processes, ice marginal recession and advance, and configuration of the ice margin influenced the distribution of debris-flow deposits and bergstone mud in the east and resulted in a near-random facies arrangement. Due to a lack of icebergs in the west, debris-flow deposits and bergstone mud were poorly developed which reduced the number of facies transitions and variation, resulting in a more systematic upward-fining sequence.     

Using the Newly‐created ILE DBMS to Better Represent Temporal and Historical GIS Data

This article introduces a type of DBMS called the Intentionally‐Linked Entities (ILE) DBMS for use as the basis for temporal and historical Geographical Information Systems. ILE represents each entity in a database only once, thereby mostly eliminating redundancy and fragmentation, two major problems in Relational and other database systems. These advantages of ILE are realized by using relationship objects and pointers to implement all of the relationships among data entities in a native fashion using dynamically‐allocated linked data structures. ILE can be considered to be a modern and extended implementation of the E/R data model. ILE also facilitates storage of things that are more faithful to the historical records, such as gazetteer entries of places with imprecisely known or unknown locations. This is difficult in Relational database systems but is a routine task using ILE because ILE is implemented using modern memory allocation techniques. We use the China Historical GIS (CHGIS) and other databases to illustrate the advantages of ILE. This is accomplished by modeling these databases in ILE and comparing them to the existing Relational implementations.